Alzheimers Dement:阿尔茨海默病可能是人类长寿的代价

2017-10-26 佚名 生物探索

在非人大脑中,阿尔茨海默病的症状十分罕见。一项新研究认为,阿尔茨海默症和2型糖尿病可能是人类拥有更长寿命所产生的代价,并且这一过程与胰岛素功能的改变有关。

与大多数物种不同,人类在生育期过后仍然有很长的寿命,这在自然界中十分罕见。虽然男性和女性的生育能力在40岁左右大幅下降,但却最长能活到110岁。相比之下,其他动物在生育期结束后不久就会死去。

近期,在Alzheimer's and Dementia杂志上,研究人员发表了这样一种新鲜的观点,即:生育结束后的长寿可能与阿尔茨海默病有关。他们是在通过研究另一种在生育年龄过后寿命较长的物种——海豚的大脑后得出上述观点的。

海豚大脑中发现阿尔茨海默病主要标志物

领导该项研究的牛津大学精神病学学院研究员Lovestone教授和同事们分析了西班牙海岸搁浅死亡的海豚大脑中两个最主要的阿尔茨海默病生物标志物——β-淀粉样蛋白和神经纤维缠结,发现这些海豚大脑中存在阿尔茨海默症的迹象。

研究人员认为,人类和海豚对阿尔茨海默症的易感性十分独特,因为在这些物种中,胰岛素的作用发生了改变。胰岛素调节血液中糖的含量,并引发复杂的胰岛素信号化学级联反应。虽然胰岛素信号的改变会导致人类和其他哺乳动物发生糖尿病,但之前的科学研究也发现,一些动物(如小鼠和果蝇)的极端热量限制改变了胰岛素信号,并将动物的寿命延长了三倍。

“我们认为,在人类中,胰岛素信号工作方式类似于人为给予小鼠极低卡路里时所产生的胰岛素信号。” Lovestone教授说。“这虽然延长了生育期后的寿命,但却可能让我们患上糖尿病和阿尔茨海默症。之前的研究表明胰岛素抵抗预测了老年痴呆症的发展,糖尿病患者更有可能患上老年痴呆症。”

不过,这些海豚是否真的存在阿尔茨海默病还不得而知,因为如果不研究野生海豚的行为,就很难知道老年海豚是否会出现类似于阿尔茨海默症患者的记忆和认知问题。然而,研究小组并不提倡对圈养的海豚进行测试。

或将有助于寻找新治疗方法

Lovestone教授表示:“如果我们的理论是正确的,那么现在已经太迟了,数万年了的进化过程中,我们很可能已经获得了胰岛素抵抗,从而获得了类似于热量限制产生的寿命延长效果。”

“虽然合理的饮食有明显的健康益处,而且对于避免与肥胖相关疾病的早死很重要,但我们认为极端的卡路里限制不会延长人类的寿命。”

Lovestone教授希望利用这种理论改善我们筛选阿尔茨海默病新药的方法。“目前,即使用基因工程构建能产生蛋白斑的阿尔茨海默病模型小鼠,它们的大脑中也没有神经纤维缠结,脑细胞也很少受到损伤。这使得很难找到新‘靶点’来治愈疾病,以及研究药物的有效性。但如果改变胰岛素信号能使动物更容易患上阿尔茨海默症,我们可能会生构建一种真正的疾病模型,然后就能试图寻找新的治疗方法。”

原始出处:

Gunn-Moore D,  Kaidanovich-Beilin O,  Gallego Iradi MC, et al. Alzheimer's disease in humans and other animals-A consequence of postreproductive life span and longevity rather than aging. Alzheimer's & Dementia : the Journal of the Alzheimer's Association (30 Sep 2017).

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    2018-08-23 anminleiryan
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