急重症科:严重创伤性脑损伤的颅内压阈值(二)

2018-08-10 刘春广 重症医学

最近,脑部创伤基金会(BTF)对急性创伤性脑损伤(TBI)住院患者的方案式治疗管理指南进行了更新。与之前2007年指南相比,一些建议已经发生变化,并且使用了更加严格的方法进行高质量的研究。鉴于之前的指南已对基本研究的特征性进行了描述,因此本更新指南不再对颅内压监测的具体指征另做推荐。然而,基于低质量证据(level IIB)支持,仍然推荐使用颅内压监测数据来降低住院患者和损伤后2周患者的死亡率


天津市宝坻区人民医院重症医学科  刘春广

最近,脑部创伤基金会(BTF)对急性创伤性脑损伤(TBI)住院患者的方案式治疗管理指南进行了更新。与之前2007年指南相比,一些建议已经发生变化,并且使用了更加严格的方法进行高质量的研究。鉴于之前的指南已对基本研究的特征性进行了描述,因此本更新指南不再对颅内压监测的具体指征另做推荐。然而,基于低质量证据(level IIB)支持,仍然推荐使用颅内压监测数据来降低住院患者和损伤后2周患者的死亡率。在这方面,2016年指南突出的变化之一就是对颅内压升高患者的治疗采用更高的阈值:既22mmHg而不是之前的20mmHg。

那些对严重创伤性颅脑损伤患者颅内病理学及对原发性创伤后继发性脑损伤机制的复杂性有充分认识的临床医生也认为本更新指南难于理解。

尽管颅内压升高与不良临床结局之间具有很好的相关性,但这也不能做为单独的治疗标准加以应用。从生理学角度来讲,在各种不同状况下对所有病人都用一个数值去定义颅内高压是难以置信的,也是不可能的。

新的 IIB等级推荐22mmHg做为处置颅高压的阈值是基于一个(只一个!)单中心回顾性研究结果,此研究纳入了459例严重创伤性颅脑损伤的患者,治疗时间长达12年之久。此项研究的目的是确定与病人结局最具统计学相关性的颅内压的阈值和其他相关颅脑监测参数。颅内压(整个监测期间的平均值)和结局之间的单变量相关性应用连续的卡方检验方法进行检验,颅内压每增加1mmHg做为一个检测值进行检验对比。当颅内压升至22mmHg时,获得了最高的卡方值,因此将22mmHg设定为“颅内压结局阈值”。

脑部创伤基金会以此项研究为依据对颅内压阈值进行修改的决定可能会受到多方面的质疑和挑战。首先,在这项研究中,针对高颅压进行治疗,所呈现出的关联性可能代表的是治疗失败而不是治疗阈值。其次,每个病人在整个住院期间的颅内压都是平均值。从概念上来讲,这与临床情况完全不同,颅内压是时间依赖性变量,给定阈值会随时间变化上下波动。此外,由于颅内压是一个连续的生理变量,因此,就此而言使用该变量是非常重要的,并应用充分的统计学方法对患者的重复检查结果加以核查。第三,把确定的“阈值”应用于所有研究对象,主要是男性(77.5%)和年轻病人(平均34岁)。在女性和老年亚组中,确定另一18mmHg的“阈值”,因为过往“一刀切”的建议是不恰当的。第四,向下浮动2mmHg属于颅内压测量误差范围内变化。最后,当检测结果提示为22mmHg这一处置阈值时,临床医生做何处置指南尚未明确。当颅内压为23mmHg时我们应该积极的处理,而21mmHg时就不需要吗?我们知道大多数针对颅高压治疗干预的证据等级是低的,如果不是所有的证据等级都是低的的话,目前还不清楚22 mmHg这一阈值指的是哪一种治疗强度。

将重度脑损伤后的大脑生理学简化为一种以阈值变化为基础的管理策略是不客观的,如在复杂的颅内压相互作用、脑血流、脑代谢、神经血管偶联的反馈机制、大脑自主调节和CO2的反应性方面(图1)。再者,与幕下区域颅内压常规检测相比,幕上区域颅内压检测的敏感性较低,二者压力的变化都与预后相关。此外,幕上区域颅内压力的变化还受局部异质性和中线移位程度的影响。

在不考虑时间背景的情况下,界定继发性脑损伤相关的颅内压增高不是能用简单的可量化的变量加以解释的问题。这一新的概念通常指的是“阈值量”,其可用测量值所占的比例或某一阈值曲线上(或下)的面积大小所表示。事实上,最近的研究已经证明颅内压增高与颅脑损害的相关性,研究认为颅内压高于一定阈值并持续一定时间,会导致更坏的临床结局。而短暂的发作性的颅内压增高并不一定会导致进一步的代谢紊乱,持续性高颅压常常与脑组织损害有关。

另外,Guiza等已证明即使颅内压<20(或22)mmHg也可能与损伤有关,主要取决于其持续的时间的长短。这些结论提示我们对阈值病理学过于简单的理解(例如,颅内压>22mmHg)是当前错误概念形成的原因所在,即所谓的“正常性”(例如,颅内压<22mmHg)可保证不出现病理学变化。换句话说,一个“正常颅内压值”并不一定保证充分的脑灌注和氧输送。例如,颅内压依赖性的脑灌注压变化是动态的,因此,在治疗强度方面需要具有灵活性,这是经常被忽视的临床事实。

如果不用阈值做指导启动治疗,临床医生该用什么来做替代呢?在许多研究当中(以前的和更晚近的)提示,颅内压低于15mmHg与不良结局无相关性,而颅内压高于25-30mmHg几乎不良结局无一不具有相关性。而在两者之间的广阔范围内,则需要更多的信息来决定治疗的方向和强度,既治疗的积极性。首要的信息来源是颅脑影像学检查结果,以确定颅高压的性质,程度和病因,并排除需要手术切除的大面积损伤。第二点,其它的多模式的神经监测,包括脑组织氧合状况测定,微透析或血流测定,可使我们能为患者提供更多个性化的治疗策略(图1)。因此,可根据是否存在相关的脑组织缺氧(脑组织氧张力,Pbt<20mmHg)、大脑低灌注(脑血流<17ml/100g/min)、或代谢窘迫(乳酸与丙酮酸比值>40),这些都表明大脑的底物传递和代谢需求之间存在不匹配,从而采取滴定的方法对颅内压临界值进行分层管理。这些将会使临床医生能够对创伤性脑损伤后患者进行个体化的脑复苏。最近完成的一项Ⅱ期实验表明,采用一种方案化的方法,可以缩短脑组织缺氧的时间,趋向于更有利的结局。在不远的将来,床旁监测或配备有实时的压力-时间-剂量计算的软件以及早期预警系统,能够提醒治疗医师患者已经出现或即将出现的颅压增高的危急状况。目前已经公布了几种算法,这些算法能在30分钟前预测到颅内压增高,其应用性能能够完全为临床所接受。

总之,单一的颅内压阈值对于严重创伤性脑损伤的复杂病理生理过程来说过于简单化了。在临床实践中,调定治疗强度水平从来都不是简单的和一蹴而就的。在为严重创伤性脑损伤提供个体化治疗的原则基础上,应该以多维的方式(剂量-时间-共变量)来理解颅内压,并在影响受损大脑能量输送和消耗的各种因素条件下进行解释。为此,除了进行颅内压监测和神经影像学检测外,还应对脑代谢和脑氧合状况进行监测。

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encodeId=3daf15536015e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=839e9e33475' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阈值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97334, encryptionId=839e9e33475, topicName=阈值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2f4f14387940, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-09-09 jyzxjiangqin

    严重创伤性脑损伤。

    0

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encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1503556, encodeId=6dfc1503556a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac441003921e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颅内压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100392, encryptionId=ac441003921e, topicName=颅内压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d96d9662987, createdName=jiadan198785, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1553601, encodeId=3daf15536015e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=839e9e33475' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阈值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97334, encryptionId=839e9e33475, topicName=阈值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2f4f14387940, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-17 三不猴

    对临床很有帮助,谢谢分享

    0

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    2018-08-13 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

    0

  7. 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  10. 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createdName=hbwxf, createdTime=Sun Oct 21 02:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-10-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=344179, encodeId=22613441e9b0, content=严重创伤性脑损伤。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Sun Sep 09 17:31:15 CST 2018, time=2018-09-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1954047, encodeId=305b195404ef9, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=555a211585a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#严重创伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=21158, encryptionId=555a211585a, topicName=严重创伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=55683, createdName=仁医06, createdTime=Sun Jul 14 20:21:00 CST 2019, time=2019-07-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=339175, encodeId=bbfe3391e5d2, content=对临床很有帮助,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2018/08/05/2be42de705dd506439382c6df2ef7ff1.jpg, createdBy=f3e12414585, createdName=三不猴, createdTime=Fri Aug 17 20:38:13 CST 2018, time=2018-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=338288, encodeId=39fb33828805, content=学习了,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7c592194322, createdName=1209e435m98(暂无昵称), createdTime=Mon Aug 13 07:55:44 CST 2018, time=2018-08-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1335226, encodeId=583c1335226f6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e7cc32022c7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#创伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=32022, encryptionId=e7cc32022c7, topicName=创伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=aa5a2500103, createdName=ms920641618706883, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1397602, encodeId=6ec6139e602c0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8bee565436d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#损伤#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=56543, encryptionId=8bee565436d, topicName=损伤)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/DYAIOgq83eoNX3lUOlDKGBUEPNwZx0nibmdcFyeibnX4WMhUSCU2REpGRWtSmnT2CCs0dA5waxvJknYDxwtYnIcQ/132, createdBy=294e2500218, createdName=ms3046638856685384, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1503556, encodeId=6dfc1503556a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ac441003921e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#颅内压#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=100392, encryptionId=ac441003921e, topicName=颅内压)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=d96d9662987, createdName=jiadan198785, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1553601, encodeId=3daf15536015e, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=839e9e33475' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#阈值#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=97334, encryptionId=839e9e33475, topicName=阈值)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=2f4f14387940, createdName=qjddjq, createdTime=Sun Aug 12 12:21:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-12, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-08-12 qjddjq