体检科医生带您全面了解桥本氏病!

2020-08-02 佚名 北京北亚骨科医院

几年来在临床及体检工作中发现,桥本氏病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。桥本氏病是儿童及青少年甲状腺肿大及获得性甲状腺功能减退症最常见的原因。另外,桥本氏病转变成甲状腺癌的概率明显高于其他甲状腺病变,因此,了解

几年来在临床及体检工作中发现,桥本氏病的发病率呈逐年上升趋势。桥本氏病是儿童及青少年甲状腺肿大及获得性甲状腺功能减退症最常见的原因。另外,桥本氏病转变成甲状腺癌的概率明显高于其他甲状腺病变,因此,了解桥本氏病做到早期诊断与治疗具有重要的意义。

什么是桥本氏病?

桥本氏病又叫慢性淋巴细胞性甲状腺炎,是1912年一位日本医生桥本策发现的而故名,该病是一种以广泛淋巴细胞浸润、纤维化、甲状腺实质萎缩为特点的自身免疫性疾病。桥本病临床表现复杂,早期可有甲状腺功能亢进表现,后期可发展为甲状腺功能减退。尤以女性和年轻患者多见,合并甲状腺癌时颈部淋巴结转移率高。

桥本氏病常见的临床表现

1、发展缓慢,病程较长,早期可无症状,当出现甲状腺肿时,病程平均达2~4年。

2、常见全身乏力,许多患者没有咽喉部不适感,10%~20%患者有局部压迫感或甲状腺区的隐痛,偶尔有轻压痛。

3、甲状腺多为双侧对称性、弥漫性肿大,也可单侧性肿大。甲状腺往往随病程发展而逐渐增大,但很少压迫颈部出现呼吸和吞咽困难。触诊时,甲状腺质地韧,表面光滑或细沙粒状,也可呈大小不等的结节状。

4、颈部淋巴结一般不肿大,主要依据为TMAb(甲状腺微粒体抗体)、TGAb(甲状腺球蛋白抗体)和TPOAb(甲状腺过氧化酶抗体)的检测和FNA(细针穿刺抽吸)。其中,TGAb阳性率仅60%,McAb阳性率可达95%,TPOAb阳性率更高。

术前确诊桥本病合并甲状腺癌则比较困难

原因如下:

①桥本病患者甲状腺一般弥漫性肿大,质地较硬,未触及结节时多不考虑伴有甲状腺癌;

②患者主要表现为甲状腺炎的症状,如:局部疼痛,一过性甲亢等;

③CT及B超检查在早期没有特异性。

桥本氏病治疗原则

1、药物治疗

(1) 如甲状腺功能正常,无需特殊治疗,但需要随诊,半年复查超声和甲状腺功能。

(2) 甲状腺功能减低患者应行甲状腺激素替代治疗,选用甲状腺片或左旋甲状腺素,直至维持量。达到维持剂量的指标是临床症状改善,TT3(总甲状腺原氨酸)、FT3(游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸)、TT4(总甲状腺素)、FT4(游离甲状腺素)、TSH(促甲状腺素)正常。

(3) 桥本氏病早期会出现轻度的甲亢症状,多数不需治疗。经历甲亢期、甲功正常期,甲减期和甲功正常期四个时期。一过性甲亢给β受体阻滞剂对症处理即可。

(4) 激素治疗。本病一般不使用激素治疗,对一些疼痛性慢性甲状腺炎患者,甲状腺疼痛、肿大明显时,可加用泼尼松。好转后逐渐减量,用药1~2个月。

2、手术治疗

手术指征仅有两个:

(1) 出现局部压迫症状影响呼吸;

(2)并发甲状腺癌。

其他情况不要轻易选择手术,术后大部分患者出现甲状腺功能低下,需要终生服药。合并甲状腺癌的甲状腺切除范围:目前对甲状腺全切术有两种倾向,一种认为全切瘤体后才能切除彻底。

北亚体检科根据多年体检经验,总结了桥本氏病的十大诊断依据,供广大受检者及患者参考:

1、免疫学检查

血中抗甲状腺球蛋白抗体、抗甲状腺微粒体抗体(TMA)滴度明显升高,二者均大于50%时有诊断意义,可持续数年或十余年。

2、甲状腺功能测试结果取决于阶段的疾病,一些桥本病患者在发病初期可以是一个短暂的甲状腺功能亢进症的表现,血T3,T4,FT3,FT4可以增加。大多数桥本病患者在早期甲状腺功能可以完全正常。

3、血清甲状腺微粒体抗体(抗体)和甲状腺容积抗体(抗体)阳性,白色,表明高滴度,如连续2≥60%,甚至与非典型症状可以诊断。

4、甲状腺细针穿刺活检

见有大量淋巴细胞,浆细胞,可有嗜酸性变滤泡细胞。

5、辅助检查

抗甲状腺抗体测定:血清抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(抗体)(抗),血清甲状腺球蛋白抗体(抗体)(anti-tg)明显增加,疾病的诊断意义。有些病人需要反复检查。

6、甲状腺穿刺示有大量淋巴细胞浸润。

7、过氯酸钾释放试验阳性。

8、甲状腺放射性核素显像有不规则浓集或稀疏区,少数表现为"冷结节"。

9、血清丙种球蛋白增高,白蛋白下降。

10、早期甲状腺功能可正常,桥本氏甲亢者甲功轻度升高,随着病程进展,T3、T4可下降,TSH升高,TMAb、TGAb阳性。

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    2020-09-16 ellaall

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    2020-08-04 marongnuan
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    2020-08-04 ms7120885436535707

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    2020-08-03 月瘦如眉

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    2020-08-03 1240394fm61暂无昵称

    学习了

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