超47万人11年随访数据:吃素降低两性所有癌症风险20%!男性前列腺癌风险31%!然而对预防女性乳腺癌可能没啥用...

2022-03-03 LILYMED MedSci原创

经常吃肉和低肉食者,鱼食者和素食者的癌症风险:对英国生物银行参与者的前瞻性分析。

癌症是全球死亡的主要原因,在英国,2017年28%的死亡可归因于癌症。在英国,结直肠癌、乳腺癌和前列腺癌共占所有新诊断癌症的39%,据估计,近40%的癌症病例可以通过可改变的因素来预防。尽管已经提出了几种饮食因素来影响癌症风险,但目前尚不清楚饮食模式是否与患癌症的风险有关.

据推测,素食(不吃肉类和鱼类)可能与较低的癌症风险有关。除了排除与结直肠癌风险增加相关的红色和加工肉类外,与肉食者相比,素食者通常还消耗更多的植物性食物,如水果,蔬菜和全谷物,这也可能有助于降低某些特定部位癌症的风险。素食变得越来越流行,一些证据表明,素食可能与整体癌症风险较低有关。然而,对于特定的癌症部位,证据是有限的。

为了进一步了解这些关系,我们评估了英国生物银行中饮食组与所有癌症,结直肠癌,绝经后乳腺癌和前列腺癌的风险的关联,其中包括大约10,000名食鱼者,8000名素食者和近55,000例癌症病例。并探索这些关联之间潜在介质的作用。

在纳入分析的参与者中,247,571人(52.4%)被归为经常肉食者,205,385人(43.5%)被归为低肉食者,10696人(2.3%)被归为食鱼者,8685人(1.8%)被归为素食者。经过平均11.4年的随访,诊断出54,961例任何类型的癌症事件;5882名参与者被诊断为结直肠癌,7537名女性被诊断为绝经后乳腺癌,9501名男性被诊断为前列腺癌。

表1显示了不同饮食组参与者的基线特征。素食者和吃鱼者的BMI较低,更年轻,更可能不吸烟,有大学/大学学位,在招募时比一般的肉食者饮酒更少。与肉食者相比,素食者接受PSA检测的可能性更小(表1)。无论是男性还是女性,吃鱼者和素食者的bmi都较低,而且在招募时比经常吃肉的人更年轻。

图1显示了多变量调整模型。在多变量调整模型(不包括BMI)中,与普通肉食者相比,素食者的饮食与所有癌症(HR: 0.86, 95% CI: 0.80-0.93)、绝经后乳腺癌(0.82,0.68-0.99)和前列腺癌(0.69,0.54-0.89;图1A)风险降低有关此外,与经常吃肉的人相比,吃鱼的人患各种癌症(0.90,0.84-0.96)和前列腺癌(0.80,0.65-0.99)的风险较低,而低肉食者患结肠直肠癌的风险较低(0.91,0.86-0.96)。当包括BMI作为潜在的混杂因素时,除了前列腺癌没有变化外,相关性略有减弱(图1B)。对于绝经后乳腺癌,校正BMI后,素食者与普通肉食者相比的风险不再具有统计学意义(0.87,0.72-1.05)。

在饮食组与所有癌症、结肠直肠癌、绝经后乳腺癌和前列腺癌风险之间的关联中,没有发现BMI亚组间存在异质性的证据。在结直肠癌方面,存在性别异质性的证据(Phet = 0.007),与普通肉食者相比,男性低肉食者、鱼食者和素食者患结直肠癌的风险较低(0.89,0.83-0.95;0.69, 0.47 - -1.01;0.57,0.36-0.91),而女性饮食组之间没有观察到显着的关联。

对于吸烟状况,在饮食组和所有癌症风险之间的关联中观察到一些异质性的证据(phet = 0.056);在吸烟者中,低肉食者、鱼食者和素食者比普通肉食者患所有癌症部位的风险更低(0.97,0.94-0.99;0.86, 0.78 - 0.95;0.79, 0.70-0.90),而这些关联对于非吸烟者是不显著的。然而,当在随访期间审查罹患肺癌的参与者时,饮食组之间吸烟状况的异质性检验变得不显著(phet = 0.223,尽管饮食组与所有癌症部位的关联仍然只有在曾经吸烟者中显著。

表2显示了饮食与癌症显著关联的潜在介质的探索。当考虑通过BMI在饮食组和所有癌症风险之间的关联中介的潜力时,没有发现这在很大程度上介导了观察到的关联(表2)。对于结直肠癌的风险,与普通肉食者相比,BMI没有发现介导观察到的低肉食者较低的风险(表2);在普通肉食者和低肉食者之间没有观察到激素生物标记物的浓度差异。对于绝经后的乳腺癌风险,BMI被发现是观察到的素食者和经常食肉者之间风险差异的潜在中介,其分解的HRNIE为0.83 (95% CI: 0.63–1.08),这意味着 BMI 可解释在素食女性中观察到的较低风险的近 93%,尽管这没有统计学意义(表2)。当独立研究IGF-I并调整BMI后,观察到HRNIE为0.91 (95% CI: 0.73-1.15)。对于前列腺癌风险,IGF-I和游离睾酮浓度似乎并没有调节素食者和经常肉食者之间的风险差异,游离睾酮也没有调节鱼食者和经常肉食者之间的风险差异(表2)。

总之,在这个庞大的英国队列中发现,与普通肉食者相比,低肉食者,食鱼者或素食者与所有癌症的风险较低有关,这可能是饮食因素和/或生活方式的非饮食差异(如吸烟)的结果。低肉食者患结直肠癌的风险较低,素食女性患绝经后乳腺癌的风险较低,素食者或食鱼者的男性患前列腺癌的风险较低。BMI被发现可能介导或混淆素食与绝经后乳腺癌之间的关联。目前尚不清楚其他关联是因果关系还是由于饮食组之间检测的差异或未测量和残留混杂的结果。未来的研究需要评估大量素食者队列中的癌症风险,以提供更精确的关联估计,并探索观察到的差异的其他可能机制或解释。

 

原文来源:

Watling et al.Risk of cancer in regular and low meat-eaters, fish-eaters, and vegetarians: a prospective analysis of UK Biobank participants.

BMC Medicine (2022) 20:73
https://doi.org/10.1186/s12916-022-02256-w.

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ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1199089, encodeId=4dee119908944, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Oxuf53TkXyPZluQ96R5ibNEZyqhN5lshfQcibAv5icoLc3vyXnE87RpXhuyfNzapjYmsjOic2vkH4MVeiaAKjiaFHP3g/0, createdBy=34af2203595, createdName=榆木头, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 16:22:27 CST 2022, time=2022-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-04-22 ms1000001687352890

    感谢分享

    0

  5. 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    2022-03-11 1473a02dm49暂无昵称

    6666

    0

  6. 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createdName=ms1000001687352890, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 19:24:59 CST 2022, time=2022-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201614, encodeId=85ea1201614a5, content=6666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=65435200356, createdName=1473a02dm49暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Mar 11 08:01:49 CST 2022, time=2022-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201301, encodeId=41301201301ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a35e6961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#素食#</a>与<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>关系十分复杂。事实上,不同瘤种对身体的状况要求也可能是反的,如<a href='/topic/show?id=251e10183059' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨肉瘤#</a>,<a href='/topic/show?id=493ae869206' target=_blank 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ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1199089, encodeId=4dee119908944, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Oxuf53TkXyPZluQ96R5ibNEZyqhN5lshfQcibAv5icoLc3vyXnE87RpXhuyfNzapjYmsjOic2vkH4MVeiaAKjiaFHP3g/0, createdBy=34af2203595, createdName=榆木头, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 16:22:27 CST 2022, time=2022-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-10 医者仁者

    #素食##肿瘤#关系十分复杂。事实上,不同瘤种对身体的状况要求也可能是反的,如#骨肉瘤##结直肠癌#,甚至三阴性乳腺癌与HR阳性的#乳腺癌#,HER2阳性乳腺癌,其身体状况,饮食与#生活方式#可能都有很大的区别。素食可能会减少某些肿瘤的发生,但也有可能增加另一些肿瘤的发生。其它同样如此。

    0

  7. 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createdName=ms1000001687352890, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 19:24:59 CST 2022, time=2022-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201614, encodeId=85ea1201614a5, content=6666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=65435200356, createdName=1473a02dm49暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Mar 11 08:01:49 CST 2022, time=2022-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201301, encodeId=41301201301ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a35e6961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#素食#</a>与<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>关系十分复杂。事实上,不同瘤种对身体的状况要求也可能是反的,如<a href='/topic/show?id=251e10183059' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨肉瘤#</a>,<a href='/topic/show?id=493ae869206' target=_blank 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Mar 10 14:23:01 CST 2022, time=2022-03-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1199348, encodeId=69fb119934809, content=合理膳食,预防癌症。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=74, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220313/1fccd8869aca4c2bbabb274c6aada833/8cdb5c5762b54b208703fcac43dcca47.jpg, createdBy=872f5678021, createdName=jing0309, createdTime=Fri Mar 04 11:04:13 CST 2022, time=2022-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1199283, encodeId=9399119928341, content=素食主义有利于降癌, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b2b82397018, createdName=12346c4dm64暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Mar 04 08:50:46 CST 2022, time=2022-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1199089, encodeId=4dee119908944, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=79, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Oxuf53TkXyPZluQ96R5ibNEZyqhN5lshfQcibAv5icoLc3vyXnE87RpXhuyfNzapjYmsjOic2vkH4MVeiaAKjiaFHP3g/0, createdBy=34af2203595, createdName=榆木头, createdTime=Thu Mar 03 16:22:27 CST 2022, time=2022-03-03, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2022-03-04 jing0309

    合理膳食,预防癌症。

    0

  8. 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    2022-03-04 12346c4dm64暂无昵称

    素食主义有利于降癌

    0

  9. 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createdName=ms1000001687352890, createdTime=Fri Apr 22 19:24:59 CST 2022, time=2022-04-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201614, encodeId=85ea1201614a5, content=6666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=65435200356, createdName=1473a02dm49暂无昵称, createdTime=Fri Mar 11 08:01:49 CST 2022, time=2022-03-11, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1201301, encodeId=41301201301ce, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=8a35e6961a1' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#素食#</a>与<a href='/topic/show?id=aa0582e6946' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肿瘤#</a>关系十分复杂。事实上,不同瘤种对身体的状况要求也可能是反的,如<a href='/topic/show?id=251e10183059' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#骨肉瘤#</a>,<a href='/topic/show?id=493ae869206' target=_blank 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    2022-03-03 榆木头

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