Environ Int:人类胎盘中首次发现微塑料污染,人造细微污染物亟需引起重视

2020-12-30 学术头条 生物探索

近日,来自意大利的研究人员首次在人类胎盘中发现微塑料。这一发现再次印证了这些细微的塑料颗粒具有极强的渗透性,不仅存在于我们可见的世界中,甚至已经进入我们的体内。

关于微塑料污染的话题,最近越来越受到社会各界的关注,我们只知道其分布广泛,却对其潜在危害知之甚少。

近日,来自意大利的研究人员首次在人类胎盘中发现微塑料。这一发现再次印证了这些细微的塑料颗粒具有极强的渗透性,不仅存在于我们可见的世界中,甚至已经进入我们的体内。

相关研究以“Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta”为题,发表在 Environment International 期刊上。

研究人员采用拉曼显微光谱法,在母体、胎儿和羊膜中均发现了微塑料。研究表明,这些微塑料所携带的物质会或对人体内分泌系统产生干扰,并可能对人体健康造成长期影响。

微塑料污染已波及胎盘

自上世纪五十年代以来,全球塑料产量逐年递增,且超过 40% 的塑料被用作一次性包装,产生了大量的塑料垃圾。无法生物降解的塑料废弃物受机械磨损、光氧化等作用,会降解成直径小于 5 mm 的微塑料颗粒。

此前的研究表明,这类细微污染物已经广泛遍布于全球海洋和陆地生态系统中,还可以从环境迁移到哺乳动物等活的生物体内,从而引发人体局部免疫反应。但更多危害却基本上是未知数。

为了进一步探究微塑料对人类的影响,研究人员招募了 6 名同意捐赠胎盘的健康产妇作为研究对象,整个实验过程都采用了无塑料接触方案,以防止塑料污染。参与者均未被确诊消化道疾病,没有吸烟、酗酒等行为,也没有使用过含有微塑料颗粒的牙膏。

在孕妇分娩以后,研究人员从每个胎盘的母体侧、胎儿侧和绒毛膜上分别采集样本,使用拉曼 XploRA 纳米显微光谱仪对样本进行分析。

图 | 人类胎盘中发现的微塑料显微照片和拉曼光谱

研究发现,在参与研究的 6 位妇女中有 4 位的胎盘中检测出了微塑料,而且在母体侧、胎儿侧和绒毛膜三个部分都检测出了 5 - 10 μm 大小不等的 12 个微塑料碎片,每个微颗粒上都有色素沉着。

研究人员还对所发现的微塑料进行了详细的形态和化学特征分析,其中 3 个颗粒被认定是有色聚丙烯,它是包装材料、手提袋、地毯,行李箱和汽车内饰等产品中的一种常见的塑料。虽无法确定其他 9 个颗粒的塑料类型,但是它们上面的颜料被认为是“人造涂料,油漆和染料”中使用的颜料。

图 |微塑料渗透人体组织的假想机制

研究人员推测,微塑料可能是通过母体的呼吸系统或胃肠道到达胎盘。

胎盘是胎儿与母体进行物质交换的重要器官,人体在发育之初所需的蛋白质、氨基酸、水等基本物质,均是母体的血液经由胎盘供给婴儿,胎儿的代谢物也是经由胎盘传递给母体在向外排出。

研究指出:“该研究为人类暴露于一般微塑料和微粒的水平研究,提供了新的思路。胎盘在保持胎儿与母体之间的相互作用中起着至关重要的作用,在胎盘中存在的外源性和潜在有害的塑料颗粒,将是一个令人关注的严重问题。”

微塑料污染亟需引起重视

多年来,包括化学物质和颗粒在内的新兴污染物,已成为环境科学领域的新研究方向,微米、纳米级颗粒污染物已成为当前学术界和媒体的关注热点,而科学家们也开始研究这些污染物对环境和人类健康存在的潜在不利影响。

在 2020 年风险分析学会虚拟年会(2020 Society for Risk Analysis virtual Annual Meeting)举办的“微/纳米塑料的新风险:来自不同部门的观点研讨会(Emerging Risks of Micro/nanoplastics: Perspectives From Diverse Sectors symposia)”上,科学家们围绕与微/纳米塑料接触存在的潜在风险,从其物理和化学转化、危害特征、环境影响、社会影响和政策限制等方面分析了当前研究现状。

加利福尼亚州水资源控制委员会的 Scott Coffin 博士介绍了世界上首次对饮用水中微塑料的监管调查,Coffin 指出:“迫切需要对分析微塑料的方法进行标准化,以便可靠地比较不同研究的数据。2020 年 6 月,加利福尼亚州对微塑料的监管获得通过,这为监管机构、政策制定者和研究人员提供了一个针对多种污染物的通用语言。”

在纽约,研究人员在市政自来水中检测到了微塑料。研究人员表示,水源可能并不存在微塑料污染,但沿途传输过来,容易混入塑料在内的大量微细颗粒物污染。

目前,仍不清楚微塑料可能或确实会对人类健康产生什么影响,这项研究的重点只是确认微塑料的存在,而不是确切说明其危害。研究人员指出:“需要进行进一步的研究,以评估人体胎盘中微塑料是否会触发免疫反应,或导致有毒污染物在母体或胎儿中的释放。”

面对日益严重的塑料污染,以及风险未知的众多风险,亟需采取有效措施,进一步分析其危害。

原始出处:

AntonioRagusaa,AlessandroSvelatoa,CriseldaSantacroceb,et al. Plasticenta: First evidence of microplastics in human placenta.Environment International.Volume 146, January 2021, 106274.https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274

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  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708148, encodeId=9fcc1e0814893, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e00b251e5dc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人造#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25175, encryptionId=e00b251e5dc, topicName=人造)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48aa31545372, createdName=zjshifan_98647316, createdTime=Sat Apr 24 03:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1406888, encodeId=9cee1406888d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aca8365e2c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83657, encryptionId=2aca8365e2c, topicName=胎盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTItxfbnwF4Yku2j227me6wl2EGarBoTicR3tHxrMtib5tnyyEEsgxlHkk8JAS4ZjHsEF7PxhBwh1QwQ/132, createdBy=c8162575557, createdName=liuyong2981, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472709, encodeId=655714e27093d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba4a6436107' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#污染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64361, encryptionId=ba4a6436107, topicName=污染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dfe67217539, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1524312, encodeId=8d371524312e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053710045ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10045, encryptionId=053710045ad, topicName=iron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3f1b11597510, createdName=july_979, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912264, encodeId=47c59122648a, content=微塑料真可怕,无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 17:51:52 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912189, encodeId=d351912189cb, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 15:39:36 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912166, encodeId=e553912166e8, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/0G2KQrJ4107mFibibIPvibGXUfBtcINMCMKUo6Ju0Eha3sOLZJRDgDGu4ALqpvYc6V6yYgjPXFGFz6XnxCSkiawbBQ/132, createdBy=7b375251607, createdName=sinze, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 14:57:05 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-01-01 july_979
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708148, encodeId=9fcc1e0814893, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e00b251e5dc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人造#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25175, encryptionId=e00b251e5dc, topicName=人造)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48aa31545372, createdName=zjshifan_98647316, createdTime=Sat Apr 24 03:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1406888, encodeId=9cee1406888d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aca8365e2c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83657, encryptionId=2aca8365e2c, topicName=胎盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTItxfbnwF4Yku2j227me6wl2EGarBoTicR3tHxrMtib5tnyyEEsgxlHkk8JAS4ZjHsEF7PxhBwh1QwQ/132, createdBy=c8162575557, createdName=liuyong2981, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472709, encodeId=655714e27093d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba4a6436107' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#污染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64361, encryptionId=ba4a6436107, topicName=污染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dfe67217539, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1524312, encodeId=8d371524312e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053710045ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10045, encryptionId=053710045ad, topicName=iron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3f1b11597510, createdName=july_979, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912264, encodeId=47c59122648a, content=微塑料真可怕,无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 17:51:52 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912189, encodeId=d351912189cb, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 15:39:36 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912166, encodeId=e553912166e8, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/0G2KQrJ4107mFibibIPvibGXUfBtcINMCMKUo6Ju0Eha3sOLZJRDgDGu4ALqpvYc6V6yYgjPXFGFz6XnxCSkiawbBQ/132, createdBy=7b375251607, createdName=sinze, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 14:57:05 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-30 rayms

    微塑料真可怕,无处不在

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1708148, encodeId=9fcc1e0814893, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e00b251e5dc' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#人造#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=25175, encryptionId=e00b251e5dc, topicName=人造)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=48aa31545372, createdName=zjshifan_98647316, createdTime=Sat Apr 24 03:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1406888, encodeId=9cee1406888d2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2aca8365e2c' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胎盘#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=83657, encryptionId=2aca8365e2c, topicName=胎盘)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTItxfbnwF4Yku2j227me6wl2EGarBoTicR3tHxrMtib5tnyyEEsgxlHkk8JAS4ZjHsEF7PxhBwh1QwQ/132, createdBy=c8162575557, createdName=liuyong2981, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1472709, encodeId=655714e27093d, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ba4a6436107' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#污染#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=64361, encryptionId=ba4a6436107, topicName=污染)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=dfe67217539, createdName=小刀医生, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1524312, encodeId=8d371524312e0, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053710045ad' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#iron#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=10045, encryptionId=053710045ad, topicName=iron)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=3f1b11597510, createdName=july_979, createdTime=Fri Jan 01 05:17:03 CST 2021, time=2021-01-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912264, encodeId=47c59122648a, content=微塑料真可怕,无处不在, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=76, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://img.medsci.cn/20220301/6252e946e5ef413b86dc0f7d1f73b6db/9a7e8c88a38e487b8da4968a67bbd261.png, createdBy=b9f692910, createdName=rayms, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 17:51:52 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912189, encodeId=d351912189cb, content=好文章, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=85, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 15:39:36 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=912166, encodeId=e553912166e8, content=嗯, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=72, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/0G2KQrJ4107mFibibIPvibGXUfBtcINMCMKUo6Ju0Eha3sOLZJRDgDGu4ALqpvYc6V6yYgjPXFGFz6XnxCSkiawbBQ/132, createdBy=7b375251607, createdName=sinze, createdTime=Wed Dec 30 14:57:05 CST 2020, time=2020-12-30, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-12-30 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章

    0

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    2020-12-30 sinze

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