关于胆汁酸检测,你了解多少呢?

2021-11-11 青翠欲滴 微诊网

不同的胆汁酸亚型在临床上具有不同的诊断意义。

胆汁酸由胆固醇代谢产生,根据合成途径,可以分为由胆固醇为原料直接合成的初级胆汁酸和代谢产生的次级胆汁酸。胆汁酸是胆汁的重要组成成分,是人体脂肪代谢的必需物质,胆汁酸不仅能够调节葡萄糖和脂代谢,还能与肠道菌群相互作用,具有重要的临床意义。不同的胆汁酸亚型在临床上具有不同的诊断意义,因此检测每一种亚型的胆汁酸在体内水平而非简单地定量测量总胆汁酸水平可反映肝炎、肝硬化等肝性疾病的病情演变,另外对于炎症性肠病、妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症、先天性胆道疾病等疾病的诊断也有一定价值[1-4]

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胆汁酸谱筛查

肝胆疾病

空腹血清胆汁酸对肝胆疾病诊断较为敏感,但是由于不同肝胆疾病血清胆汁酸都呈现升高状态,无论是急慢性亲脂性化合物中毒,还是急慢性病毒性肝炎、肝硬化和非病毒性肝炎、肝硬化,还是肝外胆道梗阻,血清胆汁酸都升高,升高的血清胆汁酸在不同肝胆疾病中诊断特异性较差,其对肝胆疾病的鉴别诊断价值较小,但,不同肝胆疾病中血清胆汁酸谱变化不同,血清胆汁酸谱的检测,将会提高胆汁酸在肝胆疾病中的鉴别诊断价值[5]

妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症(ICP)

主要的临床表现为血清总胆汁酸在妊娠中晚期升高,并伴随黄疸、皮肤瘙痒和肝功能异常,常导致早产、羊水污染、胎儿窒息等严重危害[6]。但总胆汁酸浓度升高提示可能存在不同的肝胆疾病,无症状高胆汁酸血症(AHP)的孕妇仅表现为血清总胆汁酸升高,但无黄疸、皮肤瘙痒、肝功能异常[7]

两种疾病的临床特点都表现为血清总胆汁酸浓度升高,主要区别为孕妇有无胆汁淤积性瘙痒和肝功能紊乱,此外,高胆汁酸血症孕妇发生不良妊娠结局的风险较健康孕妇显著升高,但较妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症孕妇降低。单独检测总胆汁酸浓度水平升高,临床常导致两种疾病诊断发生混淆进行胆汁酸谱筛查,更加有助于疾病的鉴别诊断[8]

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监测患者接受胆汁酸治疗的效果评估

熊脱氧胆酸是治疗妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的常用药物,可降低胆汁酸生成,抑制肠道对致痒物质、胆汁酸的吸收,逆转雌孕激素导致肝内胆汁淤积,通过抑制胆盐破坏细胞膜,降低细胞毒性,减少肝细胞损伤,以改善临床症状[9]。妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症患者采用熊脱氧胆酸治疗后, 其游离态及结合态的浓度大幅上升,其他胆汁酸浓度降低,仅监测总胆汁酸无法全面体现治疗效果,采用胆汁酸谱进行筛查使患者得到及时有效的干预,减少过度医疗。

胆汁酸检测方法[10]

■ 胆汁酸的常规检测方法是循环酶法,操作较为简单,然而酶法测定的是总胆汁酸水平而无法测定不同亚型之间的差异,胆汁酸与其结合物的结构差别大,在某些基质中浓度水平较低以及可能同时存在多个同分异构体,对其同时分离和检测难度大;GC-MS分析胆汁酸异构体时具备高的选择性和分辨率,但样品制备复杂,衍生化,尤其是需将结合型胆汁酸水解成非结合形式才能进行分析;高效液相色谱可串联荧光检测器使用,但荧光检测法需复杂的衍生化技术而不能推广应用;

■ 随着液相色谱-串联质谱技术的不断革新以及样品预处理技术的日益成熟,目前已开发出适用性更广的LC-MS/MS检测方法,可同时检测游离性胆汁酸和结合性胆汁酸,该方法专属性强,灵敏度高,可以达到较低的定量限,可一次进样同时精确检测不同类型的胆汁酸,分析时间短,值得临床推广使用。

参考文献

[1]张柳, 牛尚梅, 马慧娟. 胆汁酸与代谢综合征的研究进展[J]. 医学综述, 2016(5期):964-967.

[2]陈德莹, 苏小玲, 李君,等. 超高效液相色谱-四极杆-飞行时间质谱对血清中结合型胆汁酸的定性分析研究[J]. 药物分析杂志, 2013, 17(008):1303-1310.

[3]Vitek, Libor, Haluzik, et al. The role of bile acids in metabolic regulation[J]. The Journal of Endocrinology: The Journal of the Society for Endocrinology, 2016, 228(3):R85-R96.

[4]Poupon, Raoul. Ursodeoxycholic acid and bile-acid mimetics as therapeutic agents for cholestatic liver diseases: An overview of their mechanisms of action[J]. Clinics & Research in Hepatology & Gastroenterology, 2012, 36(supp_S1):S3-S12.

[5]尹凯歌, 冯志杰. 胆汁酸的代谢,生理作用及其临床意义[J]. 世界华人消化杂志, 2012年20卷35期, 3542-3548页, ISTIC, 2013.

[6]Rezai S,Lam J,Henderson CE.Intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy: maternal and fetal outcomes associated with ele- vated bile acid levels[J].Am J Obstet Gynecol,2015,213 ( 1) : 114

[7] Castano G , Lucangioli S , Sookoian S , et al. Bile acid profiles by capillary electrophoresis in intrahepatic cholestasis of pregnancy.[J]. Clinical Science, 2006, 110(4):459-465.

[8]赵雪晴. 测定15种胆汁酸亚型在妊娠期胆汁淤积症与高胆汁酸血症的鉴别诊断[J]. 现代妇产科进展, v.28(12):917-919.

[9]江海燕、何进球、黄东霞、徐晶晶. 熊去氧胆酸与腺苷蛋氨酸联合对妊娠期肝内胆汁淤积症的疗效及安全性[J]. 医学理论与实践, 2020, v.33(21):102-103.

[10]李水军, SiheWang, WangSihe. 液相色谱-质谱联用技术临床应用[M]. 上海科学技术出版社, 2014. 179-180.

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    学习学习

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    2021-11-14 陆光铤

    这个方向有待深入研究。

    0

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    2021-11-12 麻无赦

    测量总胆汁酸水平,可反映肝炎、肝硬化等肝性疾病的病情演变。

    0

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    2021-11-12 查查佳佳

    胆汁酸是胆汁的重要组成成分,是人

    0

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