Neuron综述:淀粉样蛋白之外——唐氏综合症患者阿尔茨海默病的多因素影响机制

2022-07-29 brainnew神内神外 网络

DS和AD发展早期胰岛素信号异常

 

唐氏综合症(DS)患者患阿尔茨海默病(AD)的风险增加,这可能是由于21号三体遗传易感性造成的。这些易感性必然包括淀粉样前体蛋白(APP)的三倍化,但也包括其他Ch21基因,这些基因直接或通过与其他染色体上的基因相互作用带来风险。

最近,加州大学欧文分校神经内科Mark Mapstone课题组在国际著名期刊Neuron 上发表综述文章,文章讨论了21号染色体上的多个基因与退行性椎体滑移代谢障碍相关的证据。由此产生的失调通路涉及免疫系统,导致慢性炎症;脑血管系统,导致血脑屏障(BBB)的破坏和细胞能量代谢,促进氧化应激增加。

总之,这些破坏可能会产生一个不稳定的生物环境,在淀粉样蛋白积累的情况下,驱动退行性椎体滑移患者AD的病理生理级联反应。重要的是,这种功能障碍的机制驱动可能在未来的药物或生活方式干预的临床试验中作为靶点。

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研究历史

关于智力和发育障碍的首次描述是在1838年由Jean-Étienne Esquirol提出的。然而,正是在1866年,约翰·兰登·唐根据表型的相似性,确定了一个有认知障碍的子类,并描述了我们现在所知的唐氏综合征(DS)的临床特征。

1838年以前对该综合症的描述很少,但可以在历史材料中找到。在法国发现的可追溯到公元5世纪至6世纪的古代遗迹与退行性椎体炎的表型一致,有趣的是,这表明当时的退行性椎体炎患者并没有受到群落成员的歧视。

值得注意的是,在1876年,John Fraser和Arthur Mitchell首次描述了DS和阿尔茨海默病(AD)之间的联系,比Alois Alzheimer描述AD早了几十年。乔治·杰维斯(George Jervis)报告称,在三个年轻的“蒙古型”成年人中存在老年斑,这一联系的证据变得更加有力(杰维斯,1948)

1987年,与家族性AD发展相关的缺陷基因的描述被定位到21号染色体。数年前,在1932年,不分离首次被认为是DS的原因;然而,直到1959年,21号染色体三体才被博士们确定为退行性椎体病最常见的病因。

免疫系统和炎症的贡献

退行性腰椎滑移(DS)患者的免疫失调早在胎儿发育时期就被检测出来。因此,DS患者非常容易出现某些健康问题,包括自身免疫性疾病、血液学和自身免疫性皮肤疾病等。重要的是,退行性脊柱炎患者具有较高的感染风险,尤其是呼吸道感染,通常伴有住院率和更高的死亡率。

在21号染色体上发现了若干免疫相关基因,包括ITGβ2、IFNAR1、IFNGR2、ICOSL、AIRE等,这可能解释了DS中特异性免疫细胞和介质的表达和功能改变,类似于观察到的一般人口老龄化。

衰老和寿命

20世纪90年代末的研究数据表明,35岁后,退行性脑病患者的死亡率每6.4年翻一番,而非退行性脑病患者的死亡率每9.6年翻一番。在过去40年里,平均和中位死亡年龄显著增加了3.75倍。这些统计数据继续得到改善,2010年的估计数据显示,28%的退行性痴呆患者寿命超过40岁,而在20世纪50年代,这一比例为4%。

更丰富的生活方式、对并发疾病的管理以及对患有退行性椎体病的儿童和成人的医疗保健的改善,使得退行性椎体病的寿命显著延长并提高了生活质量。事实上,40岁以上的DS患者数量正在迅速上升。因此,在未来几十年里,将越来越需要解决与年龄有关的健康问题,特别是管理这一弱势群体中AD的发展。

DS的脑血管病理

脑淀粉样血管病(CAA)是Aβ在轻脑膜和皮层血管壁内的进行性沉积,是AD发病的主要原因,在近50%的散发性AD病例中发现。CAA可导致微观和宏观出血。

患有DS的成人,尤其是55岁以上的成人,始终存在显著的CAA。在这一人群中,年龄的增加与CAA严重程度的增加密切相关,可能的后果包括血管功能障碍和血脑屏障破坏等,这可能会导致更早出现痴呆。

“III型糖尿病”与

DS和AD的脂质代谢

AD最近被描述为“III型糖尿病”,这个名字强调了代谢对其组织病理学、分子和生化代谢失调的重要性。除了糖代谢失调本身,最近的研究也证明了DS和AD发展早期胰岛素信号异常。与此同时,DS患者的1型糖尿病发病早,发病率不成比例地升高。

有趣的是,退行性脊椎硬化患者的II型糖尿病发病率似乎低于普通人群,尽管有时存在久坐、代谢失调和生活方式的衰老风险。

结 论

虽然Jerome Lejeune以帮助建立DS的三染色体基础而闻名,但他后来的工作集中在从代谢角度研究DS和DSAD。这一观点在DSAD中还有待研究,但现在在LOAD中有了应用。

代谢缺陷是AD病理过程的一个普遍特征,包括特别伴随DSAD的那些变。重要的是,这些发现不仅揭示了新出现的代谢功能障碍,而且可能推进特定的治疗策略。

参考文献

Martini AC, Gross TJ, Head E, Mapstone M. Beyond amyloid: Immune, cerebrovascular, and metabolic contributions to Alzheimer disease in people with Down syndrome. Neuron. 2022 Jul 6;110(13):2063-2079. doi: 10.1016/j.neuron.2022.04.001. Epub 2022 Apr 25. PMID: 35472307; PMCID: PMC9262826.

 

编译作者:Dr.Hu(brainnews创作团队)

校审:Simon(brainnews编辑部) 

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