Medscape:从2013 AASLD看肝病学十大亮点

2014-01-07 daerwen2008 dxy

第64届美国肝病研究学会年会(2013 AASLD)于2013年11月1日-11月5日在美国华盛顿召开。作为肝病学领域的国际盛会之一,AASLD着眼于最新的研究成果和临床实践。2013年12月27日Medscape刊发了Cincinnati儿童医院医学中心William F. Balistreri教授总结的2013 AASLD十大亮点,现将部分主要内容编译如下。基于64th AASLD上研究人

第64届美国肝病研究学会年会(2013 AASLD)于2013年11月1日-11月5日在美国华盛顿召开。作为肝病学领域的国际盛会之一,AASLD着眼于最新的研究成果和临床实践。2013年12月27日Medscape刊发了Cincinnati儿童医院医学中心William F. Balistreri教授总结的2013 AASLD十大亮点,现将部分主要内容编译如下。


基于64th AASLD上研究人员提出的令人兴奋的研究成果,作者乐观的认为肝病学的临床实践在未来几年内会有大幅改变。研究人员强调了在理解肝脏疾病的常见形式,如病毒性肝炎,胆汁淤积,脂肪肝疾病中的进展步伐。本年度的报告侧重于新的诊疗方案,对于筛查方法提出了强说服力的论点,确保病人最佳的临床结局。以下为William F. Balistreri教授心目中的2013 AASLD的十大亮点。

1.没有丙肝的未来

慢性丙型肝炎(HCV)靶者向治疗药物的成功研发是显而易见的。即将出现的是根据协同作用机制研发的鸡尾酒药物,该药物可供临床医生灵活、有效、安全的用于HCV患者的治疗。重大进展是无干扰素治疗方案以及某些情况下的无利巴韦林治疗方案。新型药物或新的治疗方案为治愈丙肝提供了可能性。

①无干扰素/利巴韦林,daclatasvir(新型NS5A复制复合物抑制剂,60mg,1次/日)+asunaprevir(有效的NS3蛋白酶抑制剂,100mg,2次/日)的全口服方案,治疗IFN-γ不适用的初治型或不耐受患者,以及对HCV基因型1b标准治疗方案无应答患者。

②全口服三联方案:daclatasvir(30mg)+ asunaprevir(200 mg)+ BMS-791325(非核苷NS5B抑制剂)(75mg或150mg),2次/日,疗程12周。用于治疗HCV基因1型非肝硬化患者。

③NS3/4A蛋白酶抑制剂ABT-450(150mg,利托那韦100mg)+NS5A抑制剂ABT-267(25mg),1次/日,疗程12周。用于治疗HCV基因型1-4和6型的初治患者及既往治疗但无应答患者。

④simeprevir+sofosbuvir 1次/日联合治疗(最近获得FDA批准的2种新型药物),有或无利巴韦林。用于肝硬化及非肝硬化丙型肝炎病毒基因1型初治和既往治疗无应答患者的治疗。

⑤sofosbuvir+利巴韦林用于治疗肝移植术后HCV感染复发.。Sofosbuvir+利巴韦林可在移植前使用,以预防移植后HCV感染复发。

2.特定人群HCV的筛查

直到有效病例识别方案到位后,才能开始消灭HCV。CDC和美国预防服务工作组最近推荐对1945-1965年期间(婴儿潮)出生的美国人进行1次HCV筛查,以减少HCV相关的发病率和死亡率。

①美国退伍军人:在美国退伍军人事务部护理的退伍军人的HCV感染率通常比一般市民高(退伍军人感染率为6.1%,所有美国人为2.5%)。

②急诊患者:美国婴儿潮一代的慢性HCV感染率较高,急诊科患者大约每8例就有1例HCV阳性。这些试验性结果强调了急诊科是HCV筛查的一个重要场所。

③孕妇:美国妇产科医师学会建议仅有“明显风险因素”的孕妇进行HCV筛查。HCV阳性的女性不良妊娠结果的风险显著增加,包括早产或先兆临产、肺栓塞、产前出血,以及胎儿发育不良。特别是如果新治疗方案比基于干扰素和利巴韦林的方案对孕妇更安全的话,应考虑扩大孕妇HCV筛查范围。

3.慢性HCV感染的临床结局

①疾病自然史
自限性HCV感染患者与那些未清除病毒患者进行比较发现,感染后35年,9%的患者出现肝硬化临床症状。自限性HCV感染或抗病毒治疗后获得SVR的女性可不发生为进展性肝脏疾病,且表现出最佳的长期临床结局。肝脏疾病进展很大程度上取决于HCV的感染状态。

②清除HCV的益处
对于慢性HCV感染患者,实现检测不到病毒载量可降低45%的死亡风险和27%的肝脏相关不良事件的风险。

4.乙肝的再激活与免疫抑制相关

接受含利妥昔单抗化疗的HBsAg阴性、HBcAb阳性患者,在化疗开始后的第1年内,尤其是在化疗后的6个月内发生HBV再激活的比例较高。HBV再激活最早期的替代标志物是血清HBV DNA水平。恩替卡韦治疗能够控制所有病例中的HBV再激活。

5.全球和地区肝脏疾病负担的评估

HCV是美国肝癌/肝硬化死亡的主要原因(40%)。而综合全球的数据,HBV可能占肝癌和肝硬化死亡原因的45%和30%,HCV可能占肝癌和肝硬化死亡原因的26%和28%。酗酒大约占肝癌和肝硬化死亡原因的1/4。

肝癌和肝硬化每年可导致175万人死亡,慢性病毒性肝炎约占死亡原因的四分之三。在认识和治疗慢性病毒性肝炎和其他原因的肝病上给予优先权来解决的疾病和死亡的沉重负担显然是必须的。不同慢性肝脏疾病主要病因的确定在不同的区域需要预防对策的优先次序,以应对全球卫生重点和规划,如HCV新的抗病毒策略的潜在重大影响。

6.深入研究非酒精性脂肪性肝病的发病机制、诊断和治疗

①一种变异的粪便微生物与非酒精性脂肪性肝病(NAFLD)的发病相关。这些发现使新的治疗方法和鉴别非酒精性脂肪性肝病和非酒精性脂肪性肝炎(NASH)的新的生物标志物的出现提供了可能。

②最近一些研究的目标是为脂肪肝患者寻找一种有效的疾病诊断和预后的工具。血清CK18是用于预测儿童和青少年NAFLD组织学改善一个潜在的有用的生物标记物。

③除了改变生活方式之外,NAFLD患者缺乏治疗的选择也是众所周知的。尽管发现EPA-E是安全的,且可以适度提高血清甘油三酯的水平,但是这种药物不能改善NASH患者肝脏组织学特征,炎症生物标志物和纤维化。

7.急性肝衰竭的病理生理学

急性肝衰竭是一种剧烈的全身炎症反应综合征,其特征为如不进行肝移植,常出现多器官功能衰竭甚至死亡。急性肝衰竭患者血小板数的减少和血小板微粒的增加与全身炎症反应的严重程度相平行,可预测进展为严重的多器官功能衰竭和较差的临床结局。

8.胆道闭锁患者的治疗方案

胆道闭锁是胆管的迅速纤维化阻塞了肝外胆管的一种疾病,是儿童终末期肝病的最常见原因,也是小儿肝移植的最常见适应证。一线治疗方案为手术切除残余的纤维化胆管,然后行Roux-en-Y肝门空肠吻合术,这一方案恢复胆汁引流的成功率大约为50%左右。尽管通过手术治疗,肝内胆道疾病仍继续进展,超过70%的患者最终需要进行肝移植。因此,还需要其他辅助疗法来延长自身肝脏的存活时间。

基于皮质类固醇的抗炎症效果,有人提出应用皮质类固醇,且在目前在临床实践中,其也经常被用来治疗胆道闭锁。高剂量的皮质类固醇治疗不会明显改善年龄为6个月至2岁的胆道闭锁患儿胆管的通畅或未进行移植的生存期。因此,不推荐胆道闭锁的患者Roux-en-Y肝门空肠吻合术后辅以皮质类固醇治疗。

9.草药和膳食添加剂诱导的肝损伤

健美产品所致肝损伤的独特临床特征:
  • 相关性仅发生在男性;
  • 患者较年轻(33岁vs 49 岁);
  • 血清谷丙转氨酶水平较低(中位数194 IU/L,其他草药和膳食添加剂产品为1100 IU/L,药物性肝损伤为634 IU/L);
  • 发病时血清胆红素水平(中位数9.8 mg/dL)高于其他草药和膳食添加剂产品诱发的肝损伤,而健美产品诱发的肝损伤所致的黄疸时间更长;
  • 其他草药和膳食添加剂产品诱发肝损伤相关病例中的13%的患者需要进行肝移植,2%死于肝衰竭。传统药物性肝损伤组中,只有3%的患者需要进行肝移植,3%的患者死于肝衰竭。
因此,强调对草药和膳食添加剂剂相关性肝损伤的认识的需要,必须鉴别哪些特殊组分可致肝损伤。

10.器官短缺的解决方案

通过再生医学或组织工程,给患病或损伤器官的患者带来了希望。在实践中,细胞移植的原理、材料科学和生物工程技术产生能恢复或维持疾病肝脏组织正常功能的生物替代品。干细胞能为组织工程提供无限的资源,为肝病患者的治疗提供一种新的选择。

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    2014-08-05 feather89
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    2014-09-10 海豹
  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725565, encodeId=ba2f1e2556593, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Tue Aug 05 11:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2016516, encodeId=124b20165169f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bfc169010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AASLD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1690, encryptionId=4bfc169010, topicName=AASLD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3289320, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Wed Sep 10 17:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897937, encodeId=4dfb189e937a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Tue Mar 04 02:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350936, encodeId=b46113509360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f5a31596056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15960, encryptionId=f5a31596056, topicName=SCAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1458537, encodeId=0736145853e59, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b5511492e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medscape#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11492, encryptionId=6b5511492e2, topicName=Medscape)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4ab6090887, createdName=bnjfx@128.com, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519152, encodeId=71fd1519152f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2082286e7b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2867, encryptionId=2082286e7b, topicName=ASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a311248160, createdName=lq1771, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606087, encodeId=dbc4160608e12, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-03-04 smlt2008
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1725565, encodeId=ba2f1e2556593, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=986913980dd' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PE#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13980, encryptionId=986913980dd, topicName=PE)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f06c33759375, createdName=feather89, createdTime=Tue Aug 05 11:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-08-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2016516, encodeId=124b20165169f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=4bfc169010' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#AASLD#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=41, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=1690, encryptionId=4bfc169010, topicName=AASLD)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3289320, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Wed Sep 10 17:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-09-10, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1897937, encodeId=4dfb189e937a3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=832c404308' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#CAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=4043, encryptionId=832c404308, topicName=CAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c39f145, createdName=smlt2008, createdTime=Tue Mar 04 02:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-03-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1350936, encodeId=b46113509360f, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f5a31596056' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SCAP#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=49, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15960, encryptionId=f5a31596056, topicName=SCAP)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1458537, encodeId=0736145853e59, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6b5511492e2' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Medscape#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=53, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11492, encryptionId=6b5511492e2, topicName=Medscape)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=e4ab6090887, createdName=bnjfx@128.com, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1519152, encodeId=71fd1519152f8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=2082286e7b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#ASL#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=2867, encryptionId=2082286e7b, topicName=ASL)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c1a311248160, createdName=lq1771, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1606087, encodeId=dbc4160608e12, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=eb6b1145939' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#Med#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=23, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=11459, encryptionId=eb6b1145939, topicName=Med)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=552a19396740, createdName=ms3994565386320060, createdTime=Thu Jan 09 01:28:00 CST 2014, time=2014-01-09, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2014-01-09 zhaojie88
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    2014-01-09 lq1771
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