Science:对食物的选择和接受也会传染——社交改变“口味”

2019-06-10 佚名 生物通

我们如何选择食物?瑞士日内瓦大学(UNIGE)的神经科学家通过研究啮齿动物食物选择的神经生物学机制,发现了伴侣对饮食习惯的重要且持久的影响。


我们如何选择食物?瑞士日内瓦大学(UNIGE)的神经科学家通过研究啮齿动物食物选择的神经生物学机制,发现了伴侣对饮食习惯的重要且持久的影响。

吃在一起

我们如何选择食物?瑞士日内瓦大学(UNIGE)的神经科学家通过研究啮齿动物食物选择的神经生物学机制,发现了伴侣对饮食习惯的重要且持久的影响。事实上,与社会接触相关的感官刺激深刻地改变了食物选择相关网络的神经连接,突出了食物偏好的社会传播属性。此外,发表在《Science》杂志上的这些研究强调了社会联系在感官刺激的诠释和适应环境能力中的作用。自闭症患者的这种机制似乎有缺陷,可能部分解释了他们的社交困难。

几年来,Christian Lüscher的研究小组一直关注与营养有关的大脑机制。“为了理解大脑是如何感知食物的,我们研究了动物模型的食物选择,更具体地说,这些选择是如何构建的,以及它们是否能受到影响,”Christian Lüscher说。

在野外,生活在拥有几十个个体群体中的老鼠有能力适应环境并发现新食物。然而,为了限制中毒的风险,“品尝者”鼠被指定评估未知食物的安全性。但是它们如何把信息传递给同族呢?几只老鼠能永久性地改变整个群体的进食行为吗?“我们想知道,在大脑中,如何通过社交接触在先天行为和获得新行为之间建立平衡,”Lüscher教授实验室的研究员Micha?l Loureiro解释说。

百里香还是孜然?

在自然界,啮齿类动物对百里香有着明显的偏好,相反孜然是一种它们几乎从不食用的香料。为了验证假设,科学家们试图通过观察两只老鼠如何平衡这种天生的偏好:一只是演示者,训练去闻孜然,一顿孜然拌饭后,带它与另一只老鼠(观察者)会面。两只老鼠共处一个笼子30分钟。24小时后,将分别用孜然调味和用百里香调味的两顿饭呈给观察者。观察鼠随后会表现出对孜然的兴趣,这表明两只鼠之间的信息已经通过观察者前一天在其同伴身上检测到的有气味的孜然分子有效且持久地传递了。

研究人员标记参与实验的神经元,以了解它们的功能和通信特性,”我们观察到,这些神经元不仅从嗅觉感觉皮层接收信息,而且结果也改变了神经间的通讯。学习一种新气味可以加强突触连接,并根据特定的大脑路径改变动物与其他老鼠接触后的自然选择:首先,嗅觉系统检测到气味。然后,嗅觉皮质与额叶前皮质相连,参与决策选择,而后者又与负责管理动机和寻找奖励的腹侧纹状体相连,” Micha?l Loureiro解释说。

为了证实观察结果,研究人员使用光遗传学技术——一种可以精确跟踪和调节神经活动的技术——来消除由两只鼠接触引起的神经修饰,从而消除观察鼠对孜然的记忆。“观察鼠转身离开了孜然。通过删除确定的网络中的联系,我们证明了我们怀疑的机制对于通过社会联系学习的必要性,”Christian Lüscher补充道。

社交适应机制的基础

科学家证明,即使在老鼠身上,对食物的选择也受到社会互动的高度影响,甚至打破生理调节机制。除了食物选择,这项研究还强调了社会互动的神经生物学机制及其产生的学习。“理解我们的大脑需要什么样的网络和机制来整合从另一个人那里收到的新信息,以及如何利用这些信息来适应环境,这是一个根本问题,”Micha?l Loureiro说。事实上,这些机制在某些神经发育障碍,如自闭症谱系障碍中似乎是不正常的。”

自闭症患者的社交困难可能确实源于感觉皮层无法正确处理外界的刺激。同伴信息很难整合到前额叶皮质中,其传播也会受到干扰,因此几乎无法解析外部刺激。

原始出处:

Micha?l Loureiro1,et al.Social transmission of food safety depends on synaptic plasticity in the prefrontal cortex.Science  07 Jun 2019:Vol. 364, Issue 6444, pp. 991-995

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    2019-06-12 jichang
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    2019-06-10 orangesking

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