反复左上腹部疼痛5年,胃镜检查慢性萎缩性胃炎

2019-03-17 王伯军 王伯军大夫谈消化

患者反复左上腹部疼痛5年,再发3个月。左上腹部胀痛,呈阵发性,与进食无关,进食后即可有排便感,粪便成糊状,每天2~3次,无其他不适。做胃镜检查示慢性萎缩性胃炎,没有做活检病理检查。13C呼气试验检查幽门螺杆菌阴性。

病例

患者反复左上腹部疼痛5年,再发3个月。左上腹部胀痛,呈阵发性,与进食无关,进食后即可有排便感,粪便成糊状,每天2~3次,无其他不适。做镜检查示慢性萎缩性炎,没有做活检病理检查。13C呼气试验检查幽门螺杆菌阴性。

三年前,患者曾接受过胃镜检查,结果显示浅表性胃炎,一年前检查幽门螺杆菌为阳性,以“四联方案”治疗后根除。有胃癌家族史。

请问:现在情况严重程度?下一步应该怎么去治疗?生活方式,饮食方面需要注意什么?需要定期复查胃镜吗?

回复

慢性萎缩性胃炎,是胃腺体中壁细胞和主细胞减少引起的胃腺体萎缩、数目减少,使胃黏膜变薄。根据腺体数目减少的程度,萎缩性胃炎可分为轻中重三级,进一步可发生肠上皮化生、不典型增生,后两者是胃癌前病变。

萎缩性胃炎有两种类型:伴肠化生的萎缩及不伴肠化生的萎缩,即单纯萎缩。当然伴肠化生的萎缩比单纯萎缩更严重了。

慢性萎缩性胃炎目前被公认为胃癌前疾病,就是发生胃癌机率较常人增高,但多数研究萎缩性胃炎总癌变率不超过3%。

萎缩性胃炎的诊断主要依靠胃镜检查和胃黏膜活检。但胃镜检查的主观因素很大,不十分准确,与病理检查的符合率只有60%,以胃黏膜活检病理检查为准。

萎缩性胃炎主要影响患者的消化功能,表现为食欲减退、上腹胀闷,也可以有恶心、嗳气、烧心、上腹隐痛、腹泻,少数患者可发生上消化道出血、消瘦、贫血等情况,部分患者可以没有症状。

患者的症状与胃镜检查所见和病理结果常不成正比。也就是说,无明显症状的患者可能患有较严重的萎缩性胃炎;相反,有显著不适症状者未必会有胃黏膜萎缩。

至于萎缩性胃炎的原因很多,如幽门螺杆菌(Hp)感染、不良饮食习惯、免疫因素、胆汁或十二指肠液反流、年龄、遗传因素、刺激性药物等等。其中Hp感染是主要原因。现已证实,80%以上的慢性活动性胃炎患者有Hp感染;长期感染Hp可明显增加患者胃黏膜发生萎缩和肠化生的机会。

从患者的胃镜图片和描述来看,患者是否有萎缩性胃炎还不确定,即使有萎缩性胃炎也是轻度的、局灶性的,因为患者在做胃镜时没有取活检,因此现在很难确定是否有萎缩性胃炎,下次胃镜检查时务必要做活检病理检查,以确定有无萎缩、萎缩的程度、有无肠化生及异型增生,这对判断病情与确定胃镜复查时间、治疗方案很重要!尤其患者直系亲属有胃癌史,胃癌有遗传倾向,应该重视,依患者的年龄和现在胃镜检查结果,建议二年一次胃镜复查。

患者曾有Hp感染,这确实是慢性胃炎、萎缩的很重要原因,而且Hp往往都是小时候被感染的,长期慢性胃炎可演变为萎缩。现在13C呼气试验阴性,Hp已被根除。如果这次胃镜检查确实是慢性萎缩性胃炎,三年前没有萎缩(因两次胃镜检查都没有活检病理检查,萎缩与否就不一定了),而Hp在一年前才根除,那么患者从非萎缩到萎缩主要还是与Hp感染相关,再加上饮食不节、生活不规律等等。

Hp经口传染,会再感染,建议两年复查一次,而且与患者一起吃饭的其他家人也应做一次呼气试验,如果阳性均应根除。

轻度萎缩性胃炎尚可逆转,中重度萎缩就难以逆转了,对萎缩的治疗首先根除Hp,其次是使用胃黏膜保护剂,注意饮食和生活方式,尽量避免损害胃黏膜的药物。

患者现在Hp已根除,萎缩难确定,就是有也不重,根除Hp后能逆转,现在只要注意饮食和生活方式、尽量避免损害胃黏膜的药物就可以了,不建议使用其他药物。

患者反复左上腹疼痛已5年,阵发性,吃完饭有想排便感觉,粪便湖状,次数增多,腹痛与进食无关,我认为患者的腹痛不是胃引起的,是肠道关系,很可能是肠易激综合征。慢性浅表性胃炎或萎缩性胃炎,确实可发生胃痛,也是在左上腹或上中腹,但一般是持续性隐痛、胀痛,与进食有关,与排便无关,而且往往不会只是胃痛,还会伴有胀闷、嗳气、反酸等症,因此你的胃痛很可能不是胃的关系。

肠易激综合征与肠道菌群失调、肠功能紊乱、敏感性增高等有关,这是肠道功能性疾病,必须排除器质性病变,尤其溃疡性结肠炎结肠癌,建议你做肠镜检查以明确。

建议

1. 两年一次复查胃镜、Hp,每次胃镜检查必须活检病理检查。

2. 做结肠镜检查。

3. 排除肠道器质性病变后可以服以下药物:曲美布汀片2粒每日3次、双歧三联活菌胶囊2粒每日3次,均饭前半小时口服,以调节肠道功能和改善肠道菌群。必要时加上:氟哌噻吨美利曲辛片1粒早饭前半小时服,以降低内脏敏感性。

以上药物可先服三周,后根据病情调整。

4. 平时养胃:进食松软易消化食物,三餐规律、定时定量,吃八分饱,饮食要淡口味、少辣、低盐、低糖,进温热食物、忌烫、忌冷,忌烟忌酒忌浓茶,忌刺激性大的食物、忌过分粗糙食物、忌笋,心情开朗,少压力。注意卫生,避免传染上幽门螺杆菌。

患者的腹痛是肠道功能紊乱,尤其要注意腹部保暖,避免冷、刺激性、油腻、不消化食物。

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    2020-01-03 chendoc252
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