妊娠合并机械瓣膜急性功能障碍保留妊娠再次换瓣术麻醉一例

2020-01-17 曹亮 董秀华 王嵘 临床麻醉学杂志

孕妇,35岁,160 cm,70kg,孕28+周,因“停经28+周,心慌、胸闷、气喘2d”入院。14年前因风湿性心脏病行二尖瓣机械瓣置换术,术后口服华法林抗凝治疗,未定期监测凝血功能,可进行轻度体力活动。此次怀孕,孕15+周擅自减少华法林用量。急诊入院时,经胸超声心动图检查:射血分数65%,二尖瓣人工机械瓣置换术后,人工机械瓣狭窄(约0.5 cm2),左心房轻度增大,主动脉瓣反流(轻度),三尖瓣反

孕妇,35岁,160 cm,70kg,孕28+周,因“停经28+周,心慌、胸闷、气喘2d”入院。14年前因风湿性心脏病行二尖瓣机械瓣置换术,术后口服华法林抗凝治疗,未定期监测凝血功能,可进行轻度体力活动。此次怀孕,孕15+周擅自减少华法林用量。急诊入院时,经胸超声心动图检查:射血分数65%,二尖瓣人工机械瓣置换术后,人工机械瓣狭窄(约0.5 cm2),左心房轻度增大,主动脉瓣反流(轻度),三尖瓣反流(轻度),肺动脉高压(轻度)。考虑人工机械瓣卡瓣。
 
入院次日,在保留妊娠全身麻醉下行“二尖瓣机械瓣置换术+三尖瓣成形术”。孕妇入室后面罩吸氧,开放上肢外周16G静脉通路,局麻下桡动脉和足背动脉穿刺置管,持续胎心监测。麻醉诱导:缓慢注射咪达唑仑0.06mg/kg,分次静注依托咪酯0.12mg/kg、罗库溴铵0.9mg/kg、舒芬太尼1.5ug/kg,诱导过程平稳。右颈内静脉穿刺置管。术中麻醉维持:丙泊酚0.3mg·kg-1·min-1、舒芬太尼0.01μg·kg-1·min-1,间断推注哌库溴铵维持肌松。
 
心肺转流(CPB)方法:3mg/kg肝素化,常温下CPB,CPB时间104min,心肌阻断时间65min,5.0~5.6L/min高流量灌注。术中取出人工机械瓣环,可见血栓附着。开放升主动脉后心脏自动复跳,予肾上腺素0.05mg·kg-1·min-1辅助心脏输出,去甲肾上腺素0.03mg·kg-1·min-1提高外周循环阻力并顺利停机。麻醉过程中,持续胎心监测,其中出现胎心自然减速,最慢80次/分,持续约10min,可恢复。术中输入悬浮红细胞4U,血浆400ml,术中输液750ml,出血1000ml。术后返ICU,BP 155/75mmHg,RR14次/分,HR112次/分,CVP 16mmHg,双肺呼吸音粗,孕妇与胎儿生命体征均平稳。
 
心脏术后第1天,B超检查:宫内孕,单死胎。积极抗感染治疗,于术后第2天全麻下行剖宫产取胎术。术后6h患者清醒,拔除气管插管。患者第23天出院。1个月后复查心功能良好。
 
讨论 
 
血栓阻塞机械瓣是一种罕见的并发症。妊娠期合并急性机械瓣膜功能障碍的孕产妇,早期再手术治疗是挽救患者生命唯一办法。相关文献报道,妊娠期间保留妊娠在CPB辅助下行手术治疗,母亲的死亡率约为1.5%~5.0%,但是胎儿死亡率却高达16%~33%,并且与孕龄无关。考虑孕产妇及胎儿的特殊性,临床如何抉择手术方式和时机以保证母婴安全是临床治疗难点。
 
麻醉诱导过程往往是血流动力学波动最明显的时刻,应格外谨慎,必要时使用血管活性药物维持血流动力学的稳定,保障胎盘血流的供应,麻醉药的选择上应以安全简单有效为原则。人工机械瓣卡瓣的孕妇,由于孕期血容量增加,前负荷增加,而二尖瓣口显著狭窄,使输出受限,严重时循环状况可瞬间崩塌,甚至发生急性左心衰竭、肺动脉压力急剧增高,累及右心等,所以手术过程中,应适当控制心室率。此外,术中要严格控制液体入量以及输液速度,以免发生充血性心力衰竭。
 
CPB策略的选择对孕产妇及胎儿的生命安全影响很大。曾有报道,采用常温CPB技术能显著提高术中胎儿存活率,低温CPB组的胎儿丢失率为24%。但是常温CPB对孕妇重要脏器的氧供需是一个挑战,可以通过缩短手术CPB时间,高血流量以及高氧流量灌注,维持较高平均动脉压。妊娠期间使用搏动性CPB灌注技术可以增加内皮细胞NO的释放水平,抑制子宫收缩,增加子宫及胎盘血流供应,对保护胎儿有利。
 
此外,建议持续使用多普勒超声监测,可以对术中子宫胎盘灌注进行实时评估,及时发现并处理术中特殊情况,保证孕妇及胎儿安全。术中及时做血气分析检查,维持内环境酸碱电解质的稳定,尤其K+、Mg2+浓度,避免恶性心律失常的发生。采用自体血液回输技术,可减少异体血的输注。CPB结束后需注意ACT检测,既要防止术后伤口及胎盘渗血,也要防止再次发生血栓阻塞机械瓣。有研究发现预防性的应用抗生素预防感染有效。保留妊娠的心脏手术危险较高,选择恰当的手术治疗方式和时机,加强围术期麻醉管理,有助于母婴安全。
 
原始出处:

曹亮,董秀华,王嵘,金沐,程卫平,卢家凯.妊娠合并机械瓣膜急性功能障碍保留妊娠再次换瓣术麻醉一例[J].临床麻醉学杂志,2019,35(01):101.

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