Nature:免疫治疗失败竟是因为外泌体!液态活检重大新发现!

2018-08-14 佚名 转化医学网

最近,由宾夕法尼亚大学文理学院生物学系郭巍教授、宾夕法尼亚大学病理学和实验室医学徐小威教授通力合作,8月8日最新发表在《自然》杂志上的研究,为癌症如何在全身对抗免疫系统带来了颠覆性的认识,其中关键因素居然在于外泌体!

最近,由宾夕法尼亚大学文理学院生物学系郭巍教授、宾夕法尼亚大学病理学和实验室医学徐小威教授通力合作,8月8日最新发表在《自然》杂志上的研究,为癌症如何在全身对抗免疫系统带来了颠覆性的认识,其中关键因素居然在于外泌体!

分泌出的外泌体

这种直径不足红细胞百分之一的囊泡由脂质包裹,含有一种物质PD-L1。研究人员说,当PD-L1与T细胞表面的程序性死亡蛋白-1结合后,就会抑制T细胞的免疫应答,阻断T细胞攻击癌细胞的功能。而目前常用于抗癌免疫疗法的“检查点抑制剂”有望阻断这种结合,从而活化T细胞的抗癌功能。

论文共同作者、美国宾夕法尼亚大学生物学教授郭巍说,这种免疫疗法可用于治疗转移性黑色素瘤,但仅对三成患者有效。

在血液中找到某种生物标记物,就可以早期判断出对哪些患者使用这种疗法。恶性黑色素瘤是致死率最高的皮肤癌。研究团队发现,黑色素瘤细胞的外泌体中就有PD-L1,可直接抑制T细胞的抗癌功能。一个癌细胞可分泌多个外泌体,因此可高度有效地抑制机体的抗癌能力。

研究人员表示血液中外泌体的PD-L1水平变化可以反映癌细胞与T细胞的“战况”,以此可评估“检查点抑制剂”疗法的有效性。

未来癌症有望被当作一种慢性病管理,可通过监测血液循环系统中的PD-L1水平以调整疗法,就像监测糖尿病患者血糖水平一样。

最后,这项研究虽然主要针对的使转移性黑色素瘤,但研究人员最后发现,乳腺癌肺癌细胞也同样会释放出携带有PD-L1的外泌体。

那么,TG又在外泌体上做过哪些研究呢?如下列出TG与外泌体研究相关文章节选:

p21活化激酶(p21-activatedkinases,PAKs)是控制癌细胞生长、存活和运动的致癌信号通路的关键节点。它们的活性在许多癌症中不断增加,并与不良的预后有关。迄今为止,降低PAK(PAK 1和PAK 4为主要亚型蛋白)活性的研究主要集中在实体肿瘤中。

我们发现PAK 1和PAK 2是BCR/ABL 1+造血恶性肿瘤的关键亚型蛋白。而白血病细胞能够产生含有PAK 2的外泌体并显着造成其向细胞外基质生长。外泌体的转移加快了内皮细胞的增殖。所以,缺乏PAK 2的细胞不能在甲基纤维素中形成集落,从而在体内诱发淋巴瘤的发生。

因此,PAK2或将是白血病细胞的关键亚型蛋白,它以双重方式控制肿瘤的生长:外泌体转移到内皮细胞的血管化,重塑细胞外基质。这一发现表明PAK 2亚型将会是治疗血液病的有效靶点。

如今,与癌症相关的炎症机制仍有待进一步研究。Fas信号的非凋亡功能被认为在促进肿瘤发展中起着重要的作用。但是,能否靶向Fas信号,通过抑制炎症来调控肿瘤的进展目前尚未确定。第二军医大学曹雪涛院士组等人发现表达Fas信号的乳腺癌细胞,能够通过结合激动性抗Fas抗体(Jo2)或Fas的交联配体,抵抗细胞诱导凋亡。乳腺癌组织中Fas信号的高表达与乳腺癌患者较差的预后有明显相关性。4T1癌细胞中阻断Fas信号传导通路可明显抑制肿瘤生长和转移,延长小鼠存活时间。从理论上说,阻断肿瘤细胞中的Fas信号可以显着减少体内骨髓源性抑制细胞(MDSCs)。此外,阻断Fas信号明显抑制了乳腺癌细胞中IL-6、前列腺素E2的产生,导致P-p38的表达受到抑制,NFB通路的活性也随之降低,以及COX-2抑制剂和anti-IL-6抗体可显着减少MDSC在体内的积累从而抑制乳腺癌的进展。

因此,阻断Fas信号,可以通过抑制促炎细胞因子的产生和MDSC的积累来抑制乳腺癌的进展,表明Fas信号可能是乳腺癌治疗的潜在靶点。

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    2018-09-29 liye789132251
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    2018-08-15 kafei

    学习了谢谢

    0

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    2018-08-14 哈哈869

    学习了

    0

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CLIN CANCER RES:RNA结合蛋白MEX3B调节肿瘤免疫治疗耐药

肿瘤免疫治疗在许多患者中取得了令人瞩目的疗效,但是有些患者仍然没有治疗反应,需要新的克服免疫治疗耐药的治疗方案。CLIN CANCER RES近期发表了一篇文章,研究肿瘤免疫治疗耐药的机制,寻找目标基因。

CLIN CANCER RES:通过靶向白血病抗原PR1的免疫疗法治疗多发性骨髓瘤

PR1是来源于中性粒细胞弹性蛋白酶(NE)和蛋白酶3(P3)的人HLA-A2肽。既往的研究表明PR1在实体肿瘤,白血病和抗原呈递细胞(包括B细胞)中交叉表达。实体肿瘤PR1交叉表达使其对靶向PR1的免疫治疗敏感。多发性骨髓瘤来源于B细胞,CLIN CANCER RES近期发表了一篇文章,研究多发性骨髓瘤是否也交叉表达PR1以及是否可以利用PR1免疫疗法进行靶向治疗。