Nature:肠道细菌是如何改变脑的?

2021-03-01 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

微生物-肠-脑轴

      从原来的无人问津到如今如火如荼,肠-脑轴已经成为大型神经科学会议上的专题,在过去的十年里,数以千计的研究发现,肠道中数以万亿计的细菌可能会对大脑产生深远的影响,并可能与一系列疾病有关。近日,Cassandra Willyard在Nature杂志发表栏目文章HOW GUT BACTERI ALTER THE BRAIN (How gut microbes could drive brain disorders.)报道了肠-脑研究的前世今生。

     文章首先回顾了Jane Foster和John Cryan在肠道细菌-脑早期研究的历程。而近年来受到了重视,且该领域取得了重大进展。一些研究团队开始深入研究特定的微生物,绘制出将它们连接到大脑的复杂路径。对老鼠的研究和对人类的初步研究表明,微生物可以触发或改变诸如帕金森氏症、自闭症谱系障碍等疾病的进程。

错误折叠传输

      一些罹患这种疾病的人在行动不便之前很久就经历了便秘。当负责协调运动的神经元开始死亡时帕金森氏症患者出现震颤、僵硬和运动缓慢等标志性症状。α-synuclein的蛋白质似乎对神经元的死亡起到了关键作用。帕金森氏症患者会出现蛋白质错误折叠,导致更多的错误折叠,直到被称为路易小体的有害团块开始在大脑中形成。

2015年,Robert Friedland提出肠道细菌可以产生与畸形α-synuclein蛋白具有相似结构的蛋白质,他推测细菌蛋白质可能为错误折叠提供了模板。他们喂给老鼠一种特定的大肠杆菌菌株,这种大肠杆菌能在肠道中产生curli成团蛋白质,结果他们在老鼠的大脑发现更多α-synuclei集聚。

      目前还不清楚肠道中的信号是如何到达大脑的,但一个可能的管道是迷走神经。有研究人员将错误折叠的α-synuclein注射到小鼠肠道中,在大脑中也产生了α-synuclein。但是,如果研究人员首先移除迷走神经,大脑中就不会出现α-synuclein。因此,有研究人员认为,肠道中的一种大肠杆菌菌株会产生curli蛋白质,这种蛋白质会促使其它蛋白质,包括α-synuclein蛋白质错误折叠,这些错误折叠的蛋白质将错误沿着迷走神经传递到大脑,在那里错误折叠的α-Synuclein与疾病症状有关。

      微生物群不仅引发一些神经退行性疾病,还可能对其严重性产生影响。Eran Elinav发现一些ALS患者进展缓慢,另一些患者病情恶化很快。Eran Elinav发现用抗生素消灭微生物的小鼠,或者使用出生时就缺乏微生物的小鼠建立的ALS模型的疾病进展比微生物正常的小鼠模型要快得多。研究小组将ALS小鼠的肠道细菌与其健康后代的肠道细菌进行了比较,发现了几种似乎与疾病有关的微生物。他们进一步将其分别移植到另一组没有肠道细菌的老鼠身上,确定了两种使ALS症状恶化的微生物,一种似乎可改善病情的有益微生物。但这种只存在于肠道的菌株是如何对一种集中在大脑的疾病产生如此惊人的影响?

      罪魁祸首可能是细菌的代谢物,细菌产生可以进入血液并在身体周围移动的小分子。Eran Elinav团队分析了这种有益微生物产生的代谢物,并给易患ALS的小鼠注射烟酰胺(维生素B3)。他们发现这种分子进入大脑,改善了ALS小鼠的症状。比较ALS患者和患者的未患病家庭成员的微生物群时,患有ALS的人体内的烟酰胺较少。有试验给患有肌萎缩侧索硬化症的参与者服用了四个月维生素B3,治疗组的患者表现出一些改善,安慰剂组的几乎所有人的健康状况都有所下降。

      嗜粘蛋白-艾克曼菌产生烟酰胺的分子(又称维生素B3),这种分子似乎可以进入大脑,改善小鼠模型中运动神经元病的症状。

代际效应

     这种效应甚至可以代代相传。自闭症谱系障碍(ASD)病因仍然知之甚少,流行病学研究显示母亲在怀孕期间感染似乎会增加孩子患自闭症的风险。对老鼠的研究也支持这种联系。研究人员给怀孕的老鼠注射了双链RNA模仿感染。它们的幼崽比未注射的小鼠所生的幼鼠表现出更多的重复行为和焦虑,并且更少与其他老鼠互动。Gloria Choi和Jun Huh发现感染小鼠T辅助细胞 17变得过度活跃,产生大量的IL-17,这种分子可能通过胎盘进入发育中的幼崽的大脑,然后与大脑受体结合。这似乎对动物产生了深远的影响:成年后代的神经活动增加,这导致了它们出现类似自闭症的行为。但是并不是每个在怀孕期间被感染或住院的孕妇都有神经发育障碍或自闭症的孩子。Choi和Huh给怀孕的老鼠注射抗生素来杀死节段性丝状细菌(可以促进T辅助细胞17的形成的肠道微生物),然后激发免疫反应时,幼鼠并没有表现出任何行为差异。

     鉴于冠状病毒和其他任何感染一样,会激活母亲的免疫系统,可能会增加大脑发育改变和潜在精神疾病的风险。Mauro Costa-Mattioli找到了一种可能治疗其症状的微生物Lactobacillus Reuteri。这种细菌能够逆转每个小鼠的一些类似ASD的行为。而且,就像帕金森的研究一样,如果切断其迷走神经,他们可以在老鼠身上阻断这种效应。

    目前还不清楚L.Reuteri到底发出了什么类型的信号。研究小组发现,一些L.Reuteri菌株可以逆转这种行为,而另一些菌株则不能,研究人员现在正在努力找出与其相关的基因。如果找到了产生关键代谢物的基因,或许可以把它植入任何细菌中。当然这一策略还有待检验。意大利的一个研究小组已经在尝试用L.Reuteri治疗80名患有自闭症的儿童。参与者将服用L.Reuteri或安慰剂6个月,并对他们的症状进行监测。但都柏林Trinity College的神经遗传学家 Kevin Mitchell考认为讨论治疗潜力还为时过早。

      与此同时,研究人员正在探索更多的大脑疾病,包括阿尔茨海默病和抑郁症。肠道微生物甚至可能影响大脑在受伤后的恢复。德国Ludwig Maximilians University Of Munich中风与痴呆症研究所的神经生物学家Corinne Benakis团队发现在引发中风之前,用抗生素治疗老鼠清除它们的一些肠道细菌。他们发现抗生素可以减轻大脑损伤的严重程度。

      在这些疾病中,许多机制性的问题仍然存在。目前还没有确切的从微生物到大脑的途径。最棘手的一步将是在人类身上验证这些动物发现,并进入试验。这些都是非同寻常的主张,应该需要非同寻常的证据。

      从无人问津到如火如荼,越来越多的证据令人信服,并在基于微生物的疗法中看到了巨大的希望。我们对有赖于祖辈的基因组无能为力,而微生物群与基因组不同,是潜在的可修改的。

原文出处:

Willyard Cassandra, How gut microbes could drive brain disorders. [J] .Nature, 2021, 590: 22-25.

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    2021-05-15 liuyiqi01

    学习了,涨知识

    0

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    2021-03-03 鼠叔叔啦啦

    #肠道#肠道细菌

    0

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    2021-03-02 科研科研科研

    厉害厉害

    0

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    2021-03-02 148460b7m49(暂无昵称)

    非常好

    0

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    2021-03-01 故曲入梦

    学习了

    0

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    2021-03-01 ms8609978862674887

    好文章

    0

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    2021-03-01 ms8609978862674887

    涨知识了

    0

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    2021-03-01 jyzxjiangqin

    好文章!

    0

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肠道微生物对大脑发育的影响

Brain Behav Immun:肠道微生物通过迷走神经导致大脑抑郁

正常的肠道菌群对维持正常的免疫反应(包括粘膜免疫)很重要,FMT对肠道微生物群的改变可能会对免疫反应的几个方面产生影响,并对随后的健康状况产生影响。

Adv Sci: 肠道微生物组可以鉴别单相抑郁症和双相抑郁症

双相情感障碍(BD)和重度抑郁症(MDD)是两种常见的严重精神疾病,正确的诊断和治疗方案至关重要。但两者的症状有很多相似之处,且目前主要依靠临床病史和症状,误诊率较高,因此,BD和MDD的鉴别研究十分