富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗白癜风的研究现状

2021-11-10 医路坦克 MedSci原创

白癜风是一种获得性的特发性疾病,文献证实PRP是治疗不同部位稳定的白癜风皮损的一种安全和有前途的治疗方法,尤其是当PRP与其他物理程序(如分数二氧化碳激光)相结合时。

      白癜风是一种获得性的特发性疾病,临床特征是皮肤上的无色素性损害。白癜风的患病率在0.4%到4%之间,大约30%的病例有阳性的家族史。虽然白癜风不是危及生命的疾病,但大约三分之一的白癜风患者患有心理障碍,生活质量严重受损。

     白癜风的发病机制目前尚不完全清楚。关于其发病机制有几种假说,但没有一种被证实为主要假说。这些假说包括自身免疫假说、神经假说、自毁假说和生化假说。在这些假说中,近几十年来,为了提高治疗成功率、减少复发和改善患者的生活质量,人们开发了各种不同的治疗方法,其中光化学疗法、UVB光疗法和窄带UVB光疗法也是治疗泛发性白癜风的其他有效方法。而手术主要基于自体黑素细胞移植。尽管存在多种治疗方案,但所有这些治疗方式都显示出有限的反应。

     富血小板血浆(PRP)是指离心后,悬浮在少量血浆中的自体血小板浓度增加。 PRP的产生始于采集10-60毫升静脉血,根据它们的细胞含量和纤维蛋白结构,有四种不同类型的PRP制剂:1)纯富血小板血浆,激活后具有低密度纤维蛋白网络的低白细胞PRP;2)白细胞PRP,具有低密度纤维蛋白网络的富白细胞PRP;3)纯富血小板纤维蛋白,一种低白细胞、高密度纤维蛋白网络的PRP;4)富含白细胞和血小板的纤维蛋白,一种富含白细胞的PRP,具有高密度的纤维蛋白网络。

     PRP通过分泌血小板的α颗粒,增加生长因子、粘附分子和趋化因子的释放,与局部环境相互作用,促进细胞分化、增殖和再生。主要分泌的血小板生长因子有:血小板衍生生长因子(PDGF)a-b、转化生长因子(TGF)、α-β、血管内皮生长因子(VEGF)、表皮生长因子(EGF)、成纤维细胞生长因子(FGF)、结缔组织生长因子(CTGF)和胰岛素样生长因子。血小板在激活后10分钟内开始活跃地分泌这些生长因子。

     此外,PRP还能促进炎症介质和调节剂的释放。事实上,血小板可以释放许多抗炎细胞因子,如IL-1受体拮抗剂(IL-1ra)、可溶性肿瘤坏死因子受体(sTNF-R)I、IL-4、IL-10、IL-13和干扰素γ。

     到目前为止,还没有关于PRP准备的标准方案。已发表的研究报告了加工过程中的差异,如离心机的数量或添加的化合物,这使得比较不同临床研究的结果变得困难。这里我们将介绍一些富血小板血浆(PRP)治疗白癜风的相关研究。

      我们已经找到了6项关于使用PRP治疗白癜风的临床研究,共有253名患者。治疗患者的平均随访时间为6个月(从3到12个月不等)。在所有报告中,所有接受治疗的患者都表现出稳定的白癜风症状,并且无论与PRP相关的综合治疗如何,PRP组的改善总是显著高于对照组。关于白癜风的副作用方面,为了避免局部感染,可以在注射后3天使用局部抗生素。注射部位可能会出现瘀斑。Ejjiyar等人报道了一例女性患者出现Koebner现象,在第三次注射PRP后出现面部非节段性白癜风,表现为面部非节段性白癜风。

     Ibrahim等人评估了PRP对稳定期白癜风患者NB-UVB短期治疗结果的影响。作者招募了60名患者(26岁~34岁;平均年龄28岁),均为对称性稳定皮损。对于每个患者,左侧仅接受NB-UVB治疗,右侧在皮内注射PRP的同时接受NB-UVB治疗。为了评估疗效,作者进行了如下评分:>75%~100%(优);50%~75%(良);3个月后,两名皮肤科医生对患者进行了独立评估,报告55%的皮损PRP治疗效果良好(p<0.01)。此外,经过7个月的随访,治疗皮损中没有复发。最后,组织学分析证实了治疗皮损中黑素细胞数量的增加。

     Abdelgani等人对80例白癜风患者进行了不同部位二氧化碳激光、自体PRP和窄谱紫外线B联合治疗12个月的评价。具体来说,患者被随机分成四组:部分CO2激光+PRP组、联合部分CO2激光+PRP组和联合部分CO2激光+NB-UVB组。联合部分CO2激光+PRP组的患者复色效果最好;具体为60%的患者在恢复色素沉着方面效果最好;具体来说,60%的患者接受联合部分CO2激光+PRP和联合部分CO2激光+Nb-UVB的治疗,结果显示,联合部分CO2激光+PRP组患者的再色素沉着效果最好。

     Kadry等人对PRP与部分CO2激光和联合部分CO2激光+PRP进行了比较,然后对30名稳定期非节段性白癜风患者进行了阳光照射治疗(22F:8m;根据计算机辅助网格(V ACAG)白癜风分析、医生平均改善评分(MISP)和视觉类比评分(VAS)对所有患者进行评估。联合部分CO2激光+PRP组和PRP组患者与PRP组患者相比,有显著改善(P<0.0 5或P<0.0 1)。其中PRP组与PRP组比较,差异有显著性(P<0.0 5),而PRP组与PRP组比较,差异无显著性意义(P>0.0 5)。两组患者的平均年龄、平均年龄、平均年龄均有显著差异(P<0.0 5或P<0.0 5),部分CO2激光+PRP组与PRP组比较有显著差异(P<0.0 5)

    最近,Khattab等人将52例稳定、无节段性、对称性白癜风患者随机分为两组,以评价联合应用准分子激光和PRP的疗效。具体地说,第一组患者接受PRP皮内注射和准分子激光治疗(准分子激光后每3周注射一次PRP,共六次PRP),而第二组患者仅接受准分子激光治疗。根据VAS评分,第一组的反应更好

    PRP是一种耐受性良好的治疗方式,最近受到医学界越来越多的关注。文献证实PRP是治疗不同部位稳定的白癜风皮损的一种安全和有前途的治疗方法,尤其是当PRP与其他物理程序(如分数二氧化碳激光)相结合时。通常需要4-6个疗程,间隔2-3周才能获得有临床意义的结果。然而,由于缺乏关于制备方法的共识,很难比较不同临床研究的结果。我们还需要更大的临床试验,更长的观察时间和标准化的处理方案,为未来关于PRP治疗白癜风的有效性的研究提供了一个更好的理论依据。

 

参考文献:

1. Parambath N, Sharma VK, Parihar AS, et al. Use of platelet-rich plasma to suspend noncultured epidermal cell suspension improves repigmentation after autologous transplantation in stable vitiligo: a double-blind randomized controlled trial.Int J Dermatol. 2019;58:472–476. doi:10.1111/ijd.14286

2. Bidaki R, Haghighi FS. Recurrent suicide attempt in two sisters with non-segmental vitiligo and obesity: a rare case report.Pigment Disord.2016;3:235. doi:10.4172/2376-0427.1000235

3. Ibrahim ZA, El-Ashmawy AA, El-Tatawy RA, et al. The effect of platelet-rich plasma on the outcome of short-term narrowband-ultraviolet B phototherapy in the treatment of vitiligo: a pilot study.J Cosmet Dermatol.2016;15:108–116. doi:10.1111/ jocd.12194

4. Abdelghani R, Ahmed NA, Darwish HM. Combined treatment with fractional carbon dioxide laser, autologous platelet-rich plasma, and narrow band ultraviolet B for vitiligo in different body sites: a prospective, randomized comparative trial.J Cosmet Dermatol. 2017;17:365–372. doi:10.1111/jocd.12397

5. Kadry M, Tawfik A, Abdallah N, et al. Platelet-rich plasma versus combined fractional carbon dioxide laser with platelet-rich plasma in the treatment of vitiligo: a comparative study.Clin Cosmet Investig Dermatol.2018;11:551–559. doi:10.2147/CCID.S178817

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