JACC:家族性高胆固醇血症基因检测共识:仅根据LDL-C升高判断,会漏诊相当一部分患者

2018-08-21 钟巧青 高磊 中国循环杂志

近期,家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)专家组在JACC杂志发表了关于家族性高脂蛋白血症基因检测的科学声明,以下是该文的十大要点,值得临床工作者关注。

近期,家族性高胆固醇血症(FH)专家组在JACC杂志发表了关于家族性高脂蛋白血症基因检测的科学声明,以下是该文的十大要点,值得临床工作者关注。

1、FH是一种相对常见的遗传性疾病,这类疾病的患者因长期的LDL-C升高而导致过早发生动脉粥样硬化性血管疾病(ASCVD)。

2、FH基因检测有望促进FH的诊断,以便尽早启动强化降脂治疗,进而辨识FH患者家族中未被发现的FH家庭成员,并积极干预,从而减轻FH家族中的血管病(CVD)负担。

3、未治疗的男性FH患者在50岁以前发生致死性或非致死性性血管事件的风险高达50%,而未治疗的女性FH患者在60岁以前发生致死性或非致死性性血管事件的风险达30%。

4、 FH包括一系列的临床表型和多种不同的致病基因变异。其中纯合子家族性高脂白血症最为罕见,FH的患者血液中Lp(a)的浓度明显升高。特定类型的致病基因的变异和严重性与高胆固醇血症的严重程度、发生冠心病的风险以及早发冠心病的风险有关,致病基因的变异是 LDL-C 治疗目标的独立预测因子。

5、FH的临床表型包括异常升高的LDL-C、早发CVD的家族史、高胆固醇血症家族史或冠心病家族史、全身相关部位出现肌腱黄瘤、眼角膜周围出现白斑等,但仅凭上述这些指标来诊断FH的敏感性很低。因此DNA检测出明确致病基因的变异是确诊FH的必须条件。

6、仅仅根据LDL-C升高的数值来诊断FH,则会漏诊相当一部分基因突变尤其是FH致病基因变异的患者。根据基因诊断为FH的患者中,大约45%的患者LDL-C水平<4.9 mmol/L。

7、基因型阴性或是遗传型阴性而临床表型阳性的FH患者应该考虑是否有其他的分子病因,包括多基因疾病、高 Lp(a)或是其他一些未发现的FH致病基因。FH的基因检测有助于判断预后并能优化和精细判断CAD的危险分层。

8、任何年龄段的患者,根据临床症状、体征结合家族史而高度怀疑为FH,都应该进行基因检测。下列情况均属怀疑对象:

1)儿童LDL-C 水平持续≥ 4.14 mmol/L或者成人LDL-C 持续≥4.91 mmol/L,无任何原因所致的继发性高胆固醇血症,以及有一个以上的一级亲属出现类似情况,或有早发CAD(男性 ≤55岁, 女性 ≤65 岁)或者家族史不能得到(比如被收养)。

2)儿童患者 LDL-C 持续≥4.91 mmol/L或者成人患者 LDL-C 持续 ≥6.47 mmol/L且无其他明显原因导致继发性高胆固醇血症,即便无阳性家族史。

9、对FH的基因测试在下列临床情况下可以考虑:

1)儿童LDL-C持续 ≥ 4.14 mmol/L(无其他原因所致的继发性高胆固醇)有一个及以上的父母LDL-C ≥4.91 mmol/L或者有高胆固醇血症和早发CAD的家族史。

2)成人患者,即使未知晓其治疗前的LDL-C水平,但是有自身的早发CAD的病史和有高胆固醇血症以及早发CAD的家族史。

3)成人LDL-C持续≥4.14 mmol/L(无其他原因所致的继发性高胆固醇血症),如果有高胆固醇血症家族史以及有自身早发CAD或有早发CAD的家族史。

10、对于有确认特殊基因变异的FH先证者的所有一级亲属应该进行级联基因检测。如果没有一级亲属,或一级亲属不愿意接受检测,则建议二级亲属接受已知家族性的变异基因检测。级联基因检测应该扩展到整个家族中进行,直至所有的危险个体得到检测和所有已知亲属中存在的FH得到确认。

原始出处:Sturm AC, Knowles JW, Gidding SS, et al. Clinical Genetic Testing for Familial Hypercholesterolemia: JACC Scientific Expert Panel. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2018 Aug 7;72(6):662-680. 

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    2019-06-30 hbwxf
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    2018-08-23 智智灵药
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    2018-08-23 zhwj
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    2018-08-23 wetgdt

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