Neurosurgery:延长时间全身预防性抗生素和抗生素涂层导管对脑室造口相关感染的价值

2020-03-16 杨中华 脑血管病及重症文献导读

在604篇文章中,19项研究(3%)符合纳入标准,报道了5242例脑室造口术患者的结果。

在许多神经危重症患者的治疗中,使用脑室造口术放置脑室外引流管(external ventricular drain,EVD)是必不可少的,它的作用是监测或降低高颅压。然而,脑室造口-相关感染(ventriculostomy-related infection,VRI)是一种常见且严重的并发症,据报道发生率为6%-23%。VRI是所有NICU的一个主要临床问题,因为它们与增加的发病率和死亡率、额外的手术、增加的医疗费用和更长的住院时间(包括更长的重症监护室(ICU)天数)有关。研究报道显示,与无并发症的患者相比,VRI 增加8-19天住院时间,每一个 VRI 病例都会增加花费,平均高达3.5万美元。

尽管有这些报道,许多医院对VRI的预防标准仍然是术前单剂量抗生素,限制在24小时内的围手术期全身抗生素,或者根本没有预防措施。并且,指南也没有制定标准。因此,不同的患者,甚至在同一家医院内,临床治疗方案往往是不同的。确定最优策略和方案,把 VRI 的发病率降低到最低,是人们关注的焦点。越来越多的研究尝试各种不同的预防策略,以尽量减少 VRI 的发生率。临床管理应该注意:EVD 更换或 CSF 送检的频率,消毒技术比如引流口的冲洗和酒精消毒,术中检查表的使用,以及使用预防性抗生素。特别是,有几个研究小组已经评估过在整个 EVD 放置期间使用全身性抗生素的疗效。最近,采用抗生素涂层 EVD 导管(antibiotic-coated EVD catheters,ac-EVD)可以把抗生素直接输送到 CSF 中。

尽管有相互矛盾的报道,但大多数已发表的试验和观察性研究支持采取更加积极的预防措施,包括全身性抗生素治疗或 ac-EVD。一项研究报告发现,根据 ac-EVD 成本相对于观察到的 VRI 发病率和相关花费的分析,在一家每年进行150次脑室造口手术的医院中,估计能够节约10.9万美元到27.8万美元之间。不过,直到现在尚没有足够的数据来比较全身抗生素预防 VRI 和 ac-EVD 预防 VRI 的效果。另外,联合使用这两种方法预防 VRI 是否有协同作用也不清楚。2020年1月来自美国的 John P. Sheppard 等在 NEUROSURGERY 杂志上公布了他们对已经发表的 VRI 发病率的研究的 meta 分析结果,包括使用和未使用 ac-EVD,或延长时间(>24h)全身抗生素治疗。

在604篇文章中,19项研究(3%)符合纳入标准,报道了5242例脑室造口术患者的结果。与延长静脉注射抗生素和 ac-EVD 预防相关的风险比分别为 0.36 [0.14, 0.93] 和 0.39 [0.21, 0.73]。

混合效应分析(Mixed effects analysis)发现不预防的预期 VRI 发生率为13%至38%,围手术期静脉输注抗生素预防的预期 VRI 发生率为7%至18%,延长静脉输注抗生素预防或 ac-EVD 预防单一方案的预期 VRI 发生率为3%至9%,延长静脉输注抗生素预防联合 ac-EVD 双重预防的预期 VRI 发生率低至0.8%至2%。

最终作者认为延长全身抗生素治疗联合 ac-EVD 能降低脑室造口术后 VRI 的风险,但是尚不清楚这些措施对发病率和死亡率(morbidity and mortality)、医疗花费和住院时间的影响。

原始出处:John P Sheppard, MS, Vera Ong, BS, Carlito Lagman, MD, et al. Systemic Antimicrobial Prophylaxis and Antimicrobial-Coated External Ventricular Drain Catheters for Preventing Ventriculostomy-Related Infections: A Meta-Analysis of 5242 Cases. Neurosurgery. 2020 Jan 1;86(1):19-29.

 

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    2020-12-20 chg121
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    2020-03-17 lsndxfj
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    2020-03-17 tastas