British journal of clinical pharmacology:STEMI溶栓·大家谈|王智勇:肝素化是溶栓时进行还是溶栓后进行?哪种方案更好?

2021-09-23 “心关注”公众号 “心关注”公众号

对于STEMI患者,溶栓治疗可以迅速溶解血栓,开通血管,挽救生命。肝素化同样是溶栓治疗过程中的重要一步,如何选择使用时机同样十分关键。对此,内蒙古自治区人民医院王智勇教授与重庆市黔江区民族医院李光泽医

直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)被推荐为预防非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)合并卒中患者的一线治疗药物。这些建议是基于大型随机对照试验的临床结果,与维生素K拮抗剂(VKAs)相比,DOACs有类似或更好的疗效和安全性。此外,与VKAs 相比,DOACs需要的监测更少,并且由于其抗凝起效更快、食物-药物和药物-药物的相互作用可能性较低,因此更易于使用。肝脏在合成代谢中发挥重要作用,肝病患者通常因为肝功能受损,导致促凝物质或抗凝物质合成受阻,大大增加出血或血栓形成风险,往往被系统地排除在评估DOACs疗效和安全性的标志性随机对照试验之外,因此没有针对合并肝病的NVAF患者口服抗凝剂的具体建议。为了了解临床实践中DOACs在NVAF合并肝病的高危人群中的应用情况,蒙特利尔犹太总医院戴维斯夫人研究所临床流行病学研究中心的Antonios Douros等人进行了一项以人群为基础的研究,以评估在合并肝病的NVAF患者中与DOACs起始、从VKAs转换为DOACs以及DOACs长期持续应用相关的因素。

方法

使用英国的临床实践研究数据链,研究人员收集了 2011 年至 2020 年期间开始口服抗凝剂的NVAF合并肝病患者的人群队列。Logistic 回归评估患者特征与开始使用DOACs与VKAs之间关联的比值比(OR)和 95% 置信区间(CI)。Cox 比例风险模型评估患者特征与从VKAs切换到DOACs和继续使用VKAs之间关联的风险比(HR)和 95%CI。研究人员还评估了DOACs与VKAs的5年持续性治疗效果以及是否会在治疗中断前发生缺血性卒中或出血风险。

结果

1.在研究期间开始口服抗凝治疗的111,960例NVAF患者中,3167例(3%)有肝病。(图1)其中,2247例(71%)开始使用DOAC治疗[1231例(39%)阿哌沙班,121例(4%)达比加群,137例(4%)艾多沙班,758例(24%)利伐沙班,920例(29%)VKAs],并随时间增加开始使用DOAC的可能性。(表1)

图1.研究队列构建的流程图

2.与起初使用VKA的患者相比,使用DOAC的患者曾经更有可能患过缺血性卒中/TIA(短暂性脑缺血发作)或使用过SSRIs(选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂),但不太可能使用过抗血小板药物(OR 0.66,95%CI 0.53-0.82)。(表1)

表1.根据NVAF合并肝病患者的基线特征,DOACs与VKAs治疗起始时的粗略或调整ORs

3.在920例NVAF合并肝病患者中,323例(35%)患者从起初使用VKA治疗转而使用DOACs,而从起初使用DOACs转而使用AKA的比例仅为2%。从VKA转换为DOACs的可能性随时间而增加。与继续使用VKA的患者相比,转换到DOACs的患者更有可能使用NSAIDs(非甾体抗炎药)或SSRIs,但他们超重或使用抗血小板药物的可能性较小。(表2)

表2. 根据NVAF合并肝病患者的基线特征,从VKAs到DOACs治疗起始时的粗略或调整HRs值与坚持VKAs治疗的HRs值的对比

4.在治疗第5年,31%的DOAC和9%的VKA患者坚持用药,[DOACs vs. VKA 差值22%(95%CI 11%~33%)]。(图2)

图2. NVAF合并肝病患者前5年DOACs vs. VKA的持续性治疗

5.DOACs患者的中位持续用药时间高于VKA患者[26(95%CI 18~33)个月] vs. [9(95% CI 6~12)个月]。只有少数患者在停药前被诊断为缺血性卒中或出血。

结果

研究表明,大多数NVAF合并肝病患者开始使用NOACs进行口服抗凝治疗,三分之一开始使用VKAs的患者最终改用DOACs。DOACs的长期使用率高于VKAs,但相对不高。

原始出处:

Douros Antonios et al. Utilization and long-term persistence of direct oral anticoagulants among patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation and liver disease.[J]. British journal of clinical pharmacology, 2021.

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    2022-02-27 jj000001
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    2022-07-09 yb6560
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    2021-09-24 zll0628