Lancet Gastro Hepato:应重视新冠病毒肝损伤,与免疫功能障碍密切相关

2020-03-31 佚名 澎湃新闻

作者们表示,COVID-19诱导的肝损伤与病毒带来的先天免疫功能障碍密切相关,这可能会带来临床治疗上的干扰,迫切需要更加深入的相关研究。

当地时间3月20日,国际医学期刊《柳叶刀·胃肠肝病学》(The Lancet Gastroenterology & Hepatology)在线发布了一篇通讯文章(Correspondence),探讨了新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)与病人肝损伤之间的联系。作者们表示,COVID-19诱导的肝损伤与病毒带来的先天免疫功能障碍密切相关,这可能会带来临床治疗上的干扰,迫切需要更加深入的相关研究。该文章题为“COVID-19 and the liver: little cause for concern”,文章作者均来自英国大学医院国家卫生服务基金会信托基金肝脏重症监护室,分别是伯明翰大学伯明翰肝衰竭研究组的Mansoor N Bangash、伯明翰急救研究小组的Jaimin Patel以及Dhruv Parekh。

迄今为止,对COVID-19的研究表明,重症患者中氨基转移酶(aminotransferases)和胆红素(bilirubin)升高的发生率至少是其他人的两倍。尽管临床上显着的肝功能异常还无法被研究人员量化,但这项研究和其他研究已经使一些科学家建议,这一现象可能会带来临床治疗上的挑战。

作者们统计现有的数据发现,严重COVID-19患者比较容易出现异常的转氨酶水平,但是实际上,即使选择了病情最严重患者的数据,临床上明显的肝损伤也不太常见。此外,根据已发表的文献,在COVID-19患者中氨基转移酶水平的分布不支持缺氧性肝炎是一种普遍病症。

尽管在治疗过程中,高水平的呼气末正压通气(positive end expiratory pressure,PEEP,即人为地在呼吸周期中的呼气末,在气道内及肺泡内施加一个高于大气压的压力,可以防止肺泡陷闭的发生)会由于增加右心房压力和阻碍静脉回流而导致肝淤血,但数据表明,许多住院的COVID-19患者在没有机械通气的情况下肝血检查异常。

药物诱发的肝损伤可能是患者开始治疗后肝血异常的可能原因,这一点临床医师应予以考虑,但对许多COVID-19患者来说,他们在大量使用药物前的基线期(指临床研究中,患者已经过筛选加入研究但还未开始用药治疗的这一段时间)就存在着轻度的肝测试异常。

此前的几项研究已经报告了肌酸酐激酶和乳酸脱氢酶或肌红蛋白的水平升高与COVID-19严重程度有关。此前2月20日,《中华肝病杂志》就刊发了通讯作者为华中科技大学同济医学院附属协和医院消化内科杨玲的论文:《新型冠状病毒肺炎相关肝损伤:病因分析及治疗策略》。论文分析,导致新冠肺炎肝损伤的主要有四大原因,分别是免疫损伤、药物因素、全身炎症、缺血缺氧再灌注损伤。

事实上,顶级医学期刊《柳叶刀》于北京时间1月30日发表的99例新冠肺炎病例研究中便已关注到患者肝损伤问题。论文提到,新冠肺炎患者以肝损伤为首发表现非常少见,而继发性肝损伤更多见。

通讯文章中,作者们同样指出,病人的氨基转移酶升高不一定仅仅是由肝脏引起的,COVID-19感染可能诱发病人患上与严重流感感染相似的肌炎。作者们认为,COVID-19患者的肝损伤之所以可能不是由于病毒性肝炎直接造成的原因在于:首先,患者的肝功能异常明显是轻度的。其次,当对症状处于不同阶段的患者进行肝功能检查时,没有证据表明随着时间的推移,患者会出现更严重的肝功能紊乱。来自COVID-19患者的唯一的肝活检验尸报告显示,患者肝部仅有小泡性脂肪变性症状,而这是脓毒症的常见表现。最重要的是,其他呼吸道病毒产生类似的肝功能生物标志物升高,这被认为与涉及肝内细胞毒性T细胞和库普弗细胞(Kupffer cells,位于肝窦内表面的吞噬细胞)的免疫相互作用引起的肝损伤有关。

这种现象随着呼吸道病毒性疾病的变化而变化,同时与肝脏病毒复制无关,这可能解释了为什么在此前的分析中42例慢性肝病COVID-19患者没有呈现出较差的临床结局。

严重COVID-19患者的肝功能不全伴有更多的凝血和溶血纤维途径活化出现,同时血小板计数较低,嗜中性白细胞计数和嗜中性白细胞与淋巴细胞比会有所上升,铁蛋白水平升高。作者们表示,尽管这些标志物被视为炎症的非特异性标志物,但它们能够代表疾病的严重程度,且与先天免疫调节的功能失败相吻合。

这种不平衡的免疫力有利于NETosis(中性粒细胞胞外捕网过程,是指中性粒细胞一种不同于凋亡和坏死的新型死亡方式,是以核内或线粒体内DNA为骨架,负载抗微生物肽及水解酶组成网状结构,包裹及杀伤外来入侵的病原体,但中性粒细胞会释放细胞核内DNA后死亡)的发生,容易激活凝血,并且还可能在导致巨噬细胞激活后,改变全身铁代谢。

值得注意的是,这种免疫平衡的改变会随着年龄的增长而更多地发生,因此,预计老年患者的情况会变得更糟,他们对凝血和溶血纤维途径的依赖性更大。

作者们提示,对于慢性肝病和肝硬化患者,临床医生不能低估他们患COVID-19之后的风险。因为与其他重症患者相比,这些患者的免疫功能差,患急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)会导致的结局更差。同时,作者们认为病毒诱导的细胞毒性T细胞对肝脏的附加损害以及先天免疫反应失调是肝脏标志物异常与COVID-19疾病严重程度之间关联的更可能的解释。

在文章最后,作者们表示,COVID-19诱导的肝损伤在多数情况下将给医生带来临床上的干扰。作者们主张临床医生和科学界将注意力集中在病毒控制和调节COVID-19带来的先天免疫功能障碍上。

原始出处:Mansoor N Bangash, Jaimin Pate, Dhruv Parekh, et al. COVID-19 and the liver: little cause for concern. Lancet Gastro Hepato. March 20, 2020

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    2020-08-15 许安
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    2020-12-21 howi
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  7. 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21:50:04 CST 2020, time=2020-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1513546, encodeId=bf431513546e2, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9293289e30d' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#免疫功能#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=28973, encryptionId=9293289e30d, topicName=免疫功能)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Wed Apr 01 21:50:04 CST 2020, time=2020-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1027588, encodeId=1d97102e5885d, content=新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=f0620, createdName=公卫新人, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 09:50:04 CST 2020, time=2020-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=381183, encodeId=e96538118334, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/03/10/79695518fa5744eb6dc56904a3897914.jpg, createdBy=4ad15254155, createdName=MYcat124, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 07:56:28 CST 2020, time=2020-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-04-01 gwc384
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time=2020-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=381183, encodeId=e96538118334, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=82, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2020/03/10/79695518fa5744eb6dc56904a3897914.jpg, createdBy=4ad15254155, createdName=MYcat124, createdTime=Tue Mar 31 07:56:28 CST 2020, time=2020-03-31, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2020-03-31 公卫新人

    新冠肺炎,疫情何时才能消失

    0

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    2020-03-31 MYcat124

    学习了

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