急性心梗要不要做核磁检查?浅谈心脏磁共振在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死评价中的作用

2018-02-12 葛恒 中国医学论坛报今日循环

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是导致心源性死亡的重要原因。尽管广泛应用的再灌注治疗可紧急恢复闭塞冠脉的血流,挽救部分濒死心肌并降低急性期死亡率,但存活患者仍可能因大量丢失心肌而出现心力衰竭,导致各类心血管事件

急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死(STEMI)是导致心源性死亡的重要原因。尽管广泛应用的再灌注治疗可紧急恢复闭塞冠脉的血流,挽救部分濒死心肌并降低急性期死亡率,但存活患者仍可能因大量丢失心肌而出现心力衰竭,导致各类心血管事件。因此需格外注意STEMI患者的预后。本文邀请上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院葛恒医生,结合临床浅谈心脏磁共振(CMR)在STEMI患者评估中的应用。

浅谈心脏磁共振在急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死评价中的作用

CMR异军突起

临床实践中,针对STEMI患者的诊疗依然存在两大挑战,其一是个体化判断患者心血管事件风险较困难,临床状况相似的患者(年龄、危险因素、犯罪血管解剖、再灌注时间等)心脏损伤程度和预后结局常常差异较大。如仅根据指南的原则进行同质化治疗,可能出现对高危患者的治疗不足和对低危患者的过度治疗。其二是部分STEMI患者冠脉造影显示血管通畅,此时常难以辨别真正的诊断,直接影响后续的医疗方案和患者对疾病的自我认知。

决定STEMI预后的主因是心脏结构和功能损害的程度,这既取决于心梗的范围,也取决于梗死组织的修复。目前临床多使用心肌损伤标志物的峰值判断梗死面积,利用超声评价心脏结构和收缩功能损害,但其与预后的对应关系都差强人意。一些固有不足可能限制了传统方法评价STEMI心脏损伤的准确性,包括:①测定心肌损伤标志物有时间窗限制,其数值和实际心梗范围之间的关系也尚不明确;②心室收缩功能在STEMI后有很大变异性:梗死面积小、无微循环损伤者在心肌水肿消退和梗死区修复后,其左室射血分数(LVEF)常可恢复至正常范围。相反,梗死面积大,尤其是伴随严重微循环障碍者,由于心肌损失多而梗死区修复差,常出现显著心室重构和LVEF持续下降。常规心脏超声无法判断心梗的面积以及是否存在微循环障碍,对早期心室重构征象也不敏感,此外还受到声窗条件和检查者经验的影响,因而单纯以心脏超声尤其是LVEF作为预后指标准确性较差。

CMR是心脏影像领域突破性的进展。CMR既能高清晰度、全视角观察心脏结构和活动,又具备心肌组织学病理显像功能,可以直接辨别心肌水肿、坏死以及微循环障碍,实现了对STEMI心脏损伤程度的精确定量,也可以对存疑患者做出正确诊断,有效克服了上述缺陷。上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心内科和放射科通力协作,自2012年起开展CMR工作,迄今已完成上千例患者扫描并建立了国内最大的STEMI患者CMR影像库。

CMR对心脏结构和功能的评价

CMR可对心脏进行“全景”扫描,“黑血”序列的静态图像可清晰显示心肌细节,而经由“亮血”技术获得的电影图像能够更直观地显示心脏结构和活动。由计算机定义的扫描线保证了所有切面的标准化并可对心脏进行“无缝化”连续多层扫描,从而覆盖整体心腔结构,而良好的心肌-血池对比度提高了勾勒心腔边界的准确度。综合上述优势,经电影序列获得的活动图像已成为无创心脏影像方法中测量心肌、心腔参数和定量心功能的金标准(图1)。



图1 通过CMR电影序列扫描图像计算左心室射血分数
在短轴切面对左心室进行连续多层扫描,在每一层勾勒出舒张期(左)和收缩期(右)的心室轮廓(绿色线),由软件计算得到射血分数。

CMR对心脏组织学的显像

通过水敏感序列和含钆对比剂的使用,CMR可显示心肌组织学的病理改变,从而定量心肌水肿、坏死和微循环障碍,提供心肌损伤的精确类型。

冠脉急性缺血首先造成心肌细胞水肿,采用对自由水敏感的T2信号成像可以清晰显示水肿心肌(高信号)与正常心肌的密度对比(图2)。水肿范围代表了STEMI导致的缺血面积。



图2 CMR显示心肌水肿:
1例下壁心梗患者,T2信号扫描显示左室下壁出现高亮区,提示心肌水肿(红色箭头),而在非缺血区(白色箭头),心肌信号较低。左图示短轴位;右图,左心示室两腔位。

持续缺血造成心肌不可逆损伤,坏死心肌的细胞膜破裂,使通过静脉注入的含钆对比剂潴留,15~20分钟后在坏死和存活心肌之间可出现T1信号的明显密度对比(称为T1延迟显像)(图3)。



图3 CMR显示心肌坏死组织(短轴位)
注入含钆对比剂15分钟后,T1延迟显像显示正常心肌呈黑色(白色箭头),在室间隔和左室前壁出现透壁性白色坏死区域(红色箭头)。

通过后处理软件,可计算坏死心肌占左心室心肌总量的百分比,是决定STEMI患者预后最有效的指标。而通过计算水肿和最终坏死范围间的差值,还可获得心肌拯救指数(水肿心肌容量-坏死心肌容量)/水肿心肌容量),从而定量评价再灌注治疗挽救心肌的疗效。

对心肌微循环损伤的诊断和定量是CMR评估STEMI的另一项关键性优势。微循环损伤可直接降低再灌注效果,可导致更多心肌坏死,且影响心脏的组织修复。无论冠脉主支血流是否恢复,存在于不可逆微循环障碍区域内的心肌都将完全坏死。此外,由于主导纤维修复的细胞和因子无法通过微循环进入坏死区域,导致梗死区破裂和心腔显著重构的发生风险明显升高,与不良临床事件密切相关。

此外,CMR可显示微循环障碍的三种形式,首先是仅在对比剂首过灌注过程中出现心肌局部充盈缺损(图4),提示局部微循环灌注缓慢,其可由可逆性微循环损伤引起。



图4 CMR显示含钆对比剂首过充盈缺损
1例前间壁心梗患者,含钆对比剂灌注扫描见室间隔部出现明显低信号区(红色箭头),提示微循环障碍。

其次在T1延迟显像中出现高信号的坏死心肌包绕的低信号区(无微循环障碍时,所有坏死心肌内都应充满对比剂),表明不可逆性的微循环损伤,也被称为微循环阻塞(图5)。





图5 CMR显示心肌微循环障碍
注入钆对比剂15分钟后,T1信号延迟显像显示在白色坏死心肌(红色箭头)内出现大块低信号区(白色箭头),提示微循环阻塞使对比剂无法进入。上图,左心室两腔位,下图,短轴位

此外是心肌内出血,表现为同时出现T2显像高信号水肿心肌内包绕低信号区和T1显像微循环阻塞征象(图6)。




图6 CMR显示心肌内出血
一例前壁心肌梗死患者,T2信号扫描显示左室室间隔和前壁出现水肿高亮区(红色箭头),在其内部出现低信号区(白色箭头),提示心肌出血。左图,两腔位,右图,短轴位

心肌内出血提示局部毛细血管网完全崩解或损毁,是预后最差的微循环障碍类型。值得注意的是,如果以CMR为金标准,目前临床常用的评价微循环的方法如TIMI血流评分和TMPG、MBG心肌灌注评分的诊断敏感性和特异性均欠佳。数据显示,在冠脉血流恢复正常接受再灌注的患者中,约2/3仍可经CMR发现不同程度的微循环障碍。因此,通过CMR临床医生可进一步发现存在严重微循环灌注障碍的高危患者。

综上所述,CMR的评估信息可有效指导针对STEMI患者的个体化诊疗。观察结果提示,接受再灌注治疗的STEMI患者,平均梗死范围约占左心室心肌的15%~25%。与心梗急性期LVEF相比,心肌坏死比例与临床事件更为相关。梗死占左心室比例<15%的患者一般预后良好,治疗应着重于冠心病二级预防。而对于大面积心肌坏死(>左心室心肌35%),尤其伴有明显微循环障碍的患者,心衰和死亡风险将大大增加。采用延长监护期限,早期使用减少心脏负荷的药物,更强调使用接近靶剂量的β受体阻滞剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂,增加随访频率和使用更为积极的预防措施(如植入心脏复律除颤器)可能有助于降低不良事件发生率。另一方面,通过对比剂延迟显像的结果,临床医生还能对“冠脉通畅的心梗患者”进行确认,由STEMI引发的心肌坏死特征性起源于心内膜,可与主要出现在心外膜或心肌中层,由其他因素导致的心肌坏死相区别。随着Mapping和Feature Tracking等CMR新技术的不断涌现,CMR对STEMI的损伤评估将更精细化和定量化,CMR指标有望构建理想的STEMI危险分层模型。同时,CMR已成为STEMI诊疗研究中普遍采用的评价终点,有助于更准确判断相关策略的临床效果。

急性期行CMR检查安全吗?

心肌水肿、出血和微循环障碍等组织学表现常在两周后逐渐消退,因而在STEMI早期行CMR检查能够获得更全面的心脏损伤信息。实践表明,对生命体征稳定的STEMI患者行早期CMR检查是安全的。上海交通大学医学院附属仁济医院心内科针对稳定的患者通常在发病后2~7天行CMR检查。

绝大多数市售冠脉内支架为非磁性或弱磁性,在高达7.0 Tesla的磁场强度下(临床应用磁共振扫描机最高磁场强度为3.0 Tesla)也不会发生位移或明显升温,患者可在植入后即刻接受MRI检查,但医生仍应在检查前仔细阅读各品牌支架说明书或登录相关网站进行查询。但当STEMI患者出现以下情况时不宜行CMR检查:生命体征不稳定、出现房颤或频发异位心律、无法耐受屏气(呼气后屏气,要求最长约15秒)、听力障碍无法接收指令以及体内有非MRI兼容的金属植入物。此外,由于在肾小球滤过率<30 ml/min时含钆对比剂可能引起系统性硬化症,对于肾功能不全的患者应权衡检查的利弊,或者只进行非增强扫描。同时,建议对STEMI急性期患者行CMR检查时由心内科医生监控症状和生命体征,考虑到绝大多数抢救器械无法进入CMR扫描室,应设置紧急情况下转运和抢救的预案。

综上所述,CMR技术使对STEMI患者的预后评估有了质的飞跃,将成为心血管医生不可或缺的有效心脏影像手段。

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    学习一下谢谢

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    2018-02-14 gdsun
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    2018-02-14 huagfeg
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    2018-02-14 hyf035
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    2018-02-12 changjiu

    学习一下谢谢

    0

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    2018-02-12 1e0f8808m18(暂无匿称)

    ∵学习了.谢谢分享.

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