Science:还在用小鼠模型研究脑科学? 你可知小鼠的小脑与人类完全不同

2019-10-23 佚名 生物探索

在大脑研究中,小鼠的小脑可能不是人类小脑研究的最佳模型。

我们的大脑无时无刻不在工作,在医学上一个人真正意义上的死亡便是宣布他的大脑不在工作了。然而想要弄清楚大脑的工作方式却是一件相当棘手的事情,为了搞清楚这一点,科学家一直致力于寻找与人类相似的大脑进行实验研究,比如小鼠。



此前人们也曾对小鼠模型提出质疑,那些不同的声音主要是围绕小鼠并没有与人类相似的意识和思维。而美国西雅图儿童研究所的神经科学家Parthiv Haldipur和Kathleen Millen教授则是从小脑发育模式的角度表明小鼠和人类小脑之间的差距。该研究发表在国际顶级期刊《Science》杂志上,研究表明:在大脑研究中,小鼠的小脑可能不是人类小脑研究的最佳模型。


小鼠的小脑发育中缺少独特的祖细胞

尽管小鼠与人类的脑部结构有着许多共同特征,例如大脑皮层、神经元形态和叶状结构等,支持着科学家将小鼠纳为脑研究模型。但不同的是,人类的小脑的表面积是小鼠的750倍,并且人类小脑中80%都是神经元组织。这就意味着,在神经元数量增加、神经元亚型变化以及叶片板层等方面小鼠的小脑模型并不能完全模拟反应人类小脑。

人类小脑发育的轮廓

Haldipur和Millen以及一组国际研究人员观察了人类在受孕后30天到出生后9个月之间小脑的发育情况,并将其与经常用于大脑研究的小鼠和猕猴进行了比较。

通过检查和比较这些发育中的大脑的形态和分子表达,研究人员在人类身上发现了一些独一无二的祖细胞,而人们并未在小鼠或是猕猴的大脑区域中发现这些细胞。

戴着镣铐起舞的祖细胞或许才是关键

Haldipur教授称这些祖细胞为放射状神经胶质祖细胞,与其他祖细胞一样,它能够分化产生成其他细胞,但是在可形成的细胞类型和分化次数上收到了更多的限制。就像是戴着镣铐起舞的舞者。

这是人们第一次监控到了小脑中的放射状神经胶质祖细胞。此前,人们只观察到放射状神经胶质祖细胞存在于哺乳动物的大脑皮层中,它与记忆、语言以及思想息息相关。这些祖细胞主要分布在菱脑中,并且成为人类小脑颗粒神经元(占据小脑80%的成分)的重要来源。

祖细胞在菱脑中的时空扩展

值得一提的是,在人类的脑部发育过程中,菱脑的发育时间很长,贯穿整个妊娠期。最新的研究表明菱脑的发育可能与人类的认知能力有关。Millen认为:“或许人类菱脑发育的持久性可以确保小脑这一至关重要的区域正常生长。但遗憾的是,我们并没有在小鼠或是猕猴的小脑中观察到这些祖细胞。”



Kathleen Millen 图片来源:西雅图儿童医院官网

结语

正是因为存在着这些明显的差异, 一些小脑研究并不能在小鼠模型中找到答案。虽然人们一直都期望在小鼠模型中找到启发和灵感,但不得不承认小鼠模型并没有想象中的那么完美。同时这项研究也给正在苦于埋头研究的脑科学家提醒可能使用的生物模型出现了问题。

原始出处:

Parthiv Haldipur, Kimberly A. Aldinger, Silvia Bernardo, et al. Spatiotemporal expansion of primary progenitor zones in the developing human cerebellum. Science  17 Oct 2019: eaax7526.DOI: 10.1126/science.aax7526.

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    2019-10-25 1209e435m98(暂无昵称)

    学习了,谢谢分享

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    2019-10-25 jichang
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    2019-10-24 CHANGE

    梅斯里提供了很多疾病的模型计算公式,赞一个!

    0

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国家老龄化研究所(NIA)资助的一项研究表明,将遗传多样性纳入阿尔茨海默病的小鼠模型,这将会导致这种普遍的人类疾病的研究可以更全面,可以覆盖到遗传、分子和临床特征的研究,NIA是国家卫生研究所的一部分。