同种异体肌腱加强修复肾功能衰竭伴双侧股四头肌腱断裂一例

2019-03-06 黄丛威 中国修复重建外科杂志

自发性肌腱断裂是一种罕见且机制复杂的疾病,其中双侧股四头肌腱同时断裂更少见,一般并发于各种慢性代谢疾病。由于没有明确外伤诱因,自发性股四头肌断裂容易漏诊,临床诊疗中易忽略患者系统性疾病或在服药物对肌腱断裂的影响,影响疗效和预后。2016年10月,我们收治1例肾功能衰竭伴自发性双侧股四头肌腱断裂患者。报告如下。

自发性肌腱断裂是一种罕见且机制复杂的疾病,其中双侧股四头肌腱同时断裂更少见,一般并发于各种慢性代谢疾病。由于没有明确外伤诱因,自发性股四头肌断裂容易漏诊,临床诊疗中易忽略患者系统性疾病或在服药物对肌腱断裂的影响,影响疗效和预后。2016年10月,我们收治1例肾功能衰竭伴自发性双侧股四头肌腱断裂患者。报告如下。

病例介绍

患者 男,26岁。因交通事故致双膝肿痛伴活动受限13d入院。患者肾病综合征6年,于外院规律血液透析治疗,入院时未应用糖皮质激素。入院体检:体质量指数为29.07kg/m2。双侧膝关节肿胀明显,浮髌试验阳性;双侧髌骨上方明显凹陷及空虚感,可探及髌骨上极深面,膝关节不能主动伸直。MRI检查示双侧股四头肌腱均于髌骨止点完全断裂分离,髌上囊、膝关节腔内积液(图1)。入院后第1天行双膝支具固定,定期血液透析,每周3次;完善相关术前检查,血红蛋白98g/L、尿素12.31mmol/L、血肌酐806μmol/L、磷3.12mmol/L、钙2.80mmol/L。第9天行双侧股四头肌肌腱断裂修复及同种异体肌腱加强术。术中见双膝断端组织呈暗褐色,血运差,呈慢性炎性浸润表现,腱纤维稀疏、质地脆,髌骨上极表面光滑。股四头肌肌腱于髌骨附着处横行断裂,断端挛缩,撕裂向股四头肌扩张部两侧延伸。先行左膝股四头肌腱修复术,修整肌腱断端,处理髌骨上极骨床,磨钻新鲜化肌腱附着处,纵向植入3枚带线锚钉,缝合修复股四头肌肌腱断端,于髌骨锚钉下方打一隧道,取同种异体肌腱(北京鑫康辰医学科技发展有限公司)穿过隧道,近端穿过股四头肌肌腱,并使用不可吸收线环形加强缝合。检查膝关节活动度,稳定性可。同法修复右膝股四头肌腱。



术后控制输液量,定期行血液透析,观察下肢皮肤和血运情况。双膝切口均Ⅰ期愈合。双下肢支具固定1个月,术后当日嘱患者开始主动足趾和踝关节训练;术后第2周开始0~30°被动活动膝关节,并逐渐增大膝关节屈曲度,以不引起疼痛或不适为度;第3周膝关节被动屈曲达60°,第4周达90°,并开始行股四头肌主动收缩功能锻炼,第6~8周达120°。术后3个月膝关节主、被动屈伸达正常,可在助行器辅助下下地行走。患者获随访24个月。术后6个月时即恢复正常行走及上下楼梯,双膝关节伸屈活动度0~130°,双侧股四头肌肌力5级;X线复查内固定在位。见图2。



讨论

慢性肾功能衰竭、长期血液透析容易并发骨性营养不良和继发性甲状旁腺功能亢进;继发性甲状旁腺亢进会导致钙丢失,而肌腱止点处骨质丢失和脆性增加又进一步导致骨-腱联合牢度降低,累及的微小撕脱性骨折最终造成肌腱断裂。除已经证实类固醇、氟喹诺酮类和贝特类药物与肌腱断裂密切相关外,长期服用他汀类药物也有导致自发性股四头肌腱断裂的风险。股四头肌腱断裂后,体格检查示髌上囊空虚感,主动伸膝障碍,完全断裂患者无法完成直腿抬高动作。MRI是更有价值的诊断方法,可以明确损伤部位及性质。B超诊断更经济、方便,但是依赖于操作人员技术及经验。手术治疗肌腱断裂临床效果好,术后并发症发生率较低。治疗目标是恢复股四头肌腱的连续性和生理长度,必要时予以加强修复。

本例患者肌腱断端较为宽大,且体形肥胖,伸膝装置负荷大,加之患者年纪较轻,为了获得更好的修复效果和更久的耐用性,我们选择3枚带线锚钉及韧带加强修复双膝股四头肌腱。为减少手术创伤和术后康复时间,依从患者及家属意愿,选择了同种异体肌腱修复。股四头肌腱断裂手术常规采用不可吸收缝线缝合固定,当张力较大时需要减张保护。本例患者在上述固定方法的基础上,又采用了异体肌腱进行了加强缝合,可避免减张。术后当日即开始渐进性功能锻炼。患者经24个月随访,恢复正常行走功能。

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    2019-04-25 yese
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    2019-03-08 丁鹏鹏
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