Lancet:98个中低收入国家疫苗接种对健康的全面影响

2021-02-02 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

疫苗覆盖率的提高和向LMICs引进新疫苗对降低死亡率产生了重大影响。

随着新冠疫情爆发以来,疫苗的研发、生产、流通、接种都成为热议话题。毋庸置疑,特定的疫苗使不同疾病的死亡率大幅下降,是最具成本效益的健康干预措施之一。除了为接种疫苗的个人提供直接保护外,水平的疫苗接种覆盖率还为人口中其余未接种疫苗的个人提供间接保护(群体免疫力)。

从全局来看,疫苗影响的时间范围差别很大。对于一些儿童疾病(如麻疹、轮状病毒和肺炎球菌疾病),影响很快就能显现出来;而对于人类乳头瘤病毒(HPV)和乙型肝炎,疫苗的影响通常是在更长的时间范围内显现出来的,因为后者往往能有效降低成人发病率和死亡率。

1974年,世界卫生组织(WHO)开展了全球范围的扩大免疫方案。该方案得到了联合国儿童基金会和全球捐助者的支持,成功地大幅提高了儿童常规疫苗的覆盖率。例如,白喉-破伤风-百日咳三联疫苗(DTP3)的全球覆盖率从1980年的20%多增加到1990年的75%以上。然而,随着20世纪90年代覆盖率趋于平稳,人们越来越关注这些成果的可持续性,并于1999年成立了Gavi(疫苗联盟)。

Gavi的使命是维持和提高覆盖率,并改善低收入和中等收入国家(LMICs)新疫苗的使用。全球疫苗接种目标的雄心也在不断增长。WHO2012年启动了全球疫苗行动计划框架,目的是通过在所有国家提供疫苗,到2020年防止数百万人死亡。可持续发展目标呼吁到2030年使所有人都能获得疫苗。

近期,由国际VIMC联盟牵头的模拟研究,评估并分析了2000年至2030年间在98LMICs接种十种病原体疫苗对健康的影响。结果发表在最新的Lancet杂志上。

研究由16个独立研究小组提供了基于模型的疾病负担估计,数据是在一系列疫苗接种覆盖情况下对以下10种病原体进行的:乙型肝炎病毒、乙型流感嗜血杆菌、人类乳头瘤病毒、日本脑炎、麻疹、脑膜炎奈瑟菌血清群A、肺炎链球菌、轮状病毒、风疹和黄热病。利用标准化的人口数据和疫苗覆盖率,通过比较无疫苗接种反事实情景的模型估计值与报告和预测的疫苗接种情景的估计值来确定疫苗接种方案的影响。

结果显示,接种十种选定病原体的疫苗将在2000年至2030年期间避免6900万(95%CI 5200-8800)人死亡,其中在2000年至2019年期间避免了3700万(3000-4800)人死亡。从2000年到2019年,与不接种疫苗的反事实情景相比,这意味着死亡人数减少了45%36-58%)。其中,5岁以下儿童因麻疹导致死亡率的降低最为明显(降低57%)。

进一步分析显示,2000年至2030年出生的出生群体中,估计通过接种疫苗将避免1.2亿例死亡,其中5800(3900-7600)例是由于麻疹疫苗接种,3800(2500-5200)例是由于乙肝疫苗接种。研究人员估计,疫苗覆盖率的提高和更多疫苗的引入将使2019年出生群体的终生死亡率降低72%59-81%)。

《柳叶刀》评论文章指出,这项研究发现很可能还低估了疫苗接种的全部影响这是因为全球还有约30%人口没有纳入此次分析,分析也仅包含了儿童常规免疫计划中常用的10种疫苗。但与此同时, “国际社会还可能会失去这些健康获益”,维持疫苗接种的覆盖水平至关重要。

由此可见,疫苗覆盖率的提高和向LMICs引进新疫苗对降低死亡率产生了重大影响。如果在扩大覆盖面方面取得的进展能够持续下去,预计这些公共卫生成果在未来几十年内还会进一步增加。

 

参考文献:

Li X, et al. Estimating the health impact of vaccination against ten pathogens in 98 low-income and middle-income countries from 2000 to 2030: a modelling study. Lancet. 2021 Jan 30;397(10272):398-408. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32657-X.

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    2021-06-01 howi
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    2021-02-02 goodbing

    顶刊就是不一样,质量很高,内容精彩!学到很多

    0