以关节炎为首发表现的肥大性肺性谷关节病

2017-03-17 李宏超,满斯亮,颜淑敏,黄彦弘,宋慧 中国全科医学

肥大性骨关节病(HOA)是由MARIE和BAMBERGER于19世纪后期首先报道,故又称Marie-Bamberger综合征,是以管状骨骨膜炎、杵状指(趾)和肢体疼痛或肿胀为特征的骨关节病变。分为原发性和继发性,原发性HOA少见,主要见于儿童,为家族遗传性;继发性HOA相对多见,常见于成年人,多由胸腔内疾病所致,也称为肥大性肺性骨关节病(HOPA)。80%HOPA继发于肺部恶性肿瘤,包括原发性肺癌

肥大性骨关节病(HOA)是由MARIE和BAMBERGER于19世纪后期首先报道,故又称Marie-Bamberger综合征,是以管状骨骨膜炎、杵状指(趾)和肢体疼痛或肿胀为特征的骨关节病变。分为原发性和继发性,原发性HOA少见,主要见于儿童,为家族遗传性;继发性HOA相对多见,常见于成年人,多由胸腔内疾病所致,也称为肥大性肺性骨关节病(HOPA)。80%HOPA继发于肺部恶性肿瘤,包括原发性肺癌和肺转移癌,并且HOPA的症状可能早于呼吸系统出现,造成诊断困难,故需引起临床医师的重视。HOPA常出现对称性关节炎,部分患者以关节炎为首发表现而就诊于风湿科,极易误诊为风湿性疾病,如类风湿关节炎、骨关节炎等,延误患者的诊治。本研究回顾性分析北京积水潭医院收治的5例以关节炎为首发表现的HOPA患者,结合文献复习,分析其临床表现、实验室检查和影像学特点,以避免误诊及漏诊,达到早期诊断和早期治疗的目的,改善患者预后。

1.对象与方法

1.1研究对象

选取2006-2015年北京积水潭医院诊治的5例以关节炎为首发表现的HOPA患者,初期均被误诊为风湿性疾病,最终经病理或影像学证实为HOPA。

1.2方法

对5例HOPA患者的资料进行回顾性分析,分析其临床表现、实验室检查及影像学特点。

2.结果

2.1一般资料

5例患者中,男4例,女1例;年龄46~57岁,中位年龄51岁;病程3~12个月,中位病程6个月。

2.2临床表现

关节炎:5例患者均以关节炎为首发症状,均为多关节(≥3个关节区)受累,呈对称性。关节炎部位:5例累及双侧下肢大关节(膝、踝关节),3例累及双腕关节,2例累及双足。呼吸系统方面:3例有轻度咳嗽,2例无任何呼吸系统症状。系统表现:5例均有系统症状,包括发热、乏力、体质量下降及贫血。4例有吸烟史。5例查体均可见杵状指(趾)。误诊疾病:初期均被误诊为风湿性疾病,3例误诊为类风湿关节炎,1例骨关节炎,1例风湿性关节炎。5例原发病均为肺癌

2.3实验室检查

3例患者存在轻度贫血,4例患者炎性指标红细胞沉降率、C反应蛋白水平升高,5例患者类风湿因子(RF)、抗环瓜氨酸肽(抗CCP)抗体、抗核抗体谱及人类白细胞抗原HLA-B27均阴性,4例患者肿瘤标志物水平升高。

2.4影像学检查

3例患者X线示双下肢(股骨、胫骨)对称性骨膜反应,4例患者骨扫描示四肢长骨骨皮质放射性分布增高,5例患者行肺CT发现占位性病变。

2.5治疗及预后

5例患者应用消炎镇痛对症治疗,但效果不佳,确诊肺癌后均转至肿瘤专科进一步诊治,预后不详。

3.讨论

HOPA与恶性肿瘤关系密切,属于副肿瘤综合征的一种表现。发病机制尚不明确,目前有3种假说:(1)机械因素:如血管分流;(2)生物化学因素:为目前研究热点,癌细胞产生并释放生物化学复合物,包括生长激素、生长激素释放激素、血管内皮生长因子及血小板衍生生长因子等;(3)神经因素:曾有报道称迷走神经切断术可缓解HOPA的症状,但未得到公认。肺癌患者中HPOA的发生率报道不一,为0.2%~17.0%。ITO等报道2625例肺癌患者中19例出现HPA,发生率不足1%;另一项纳入1226例肺癌患者的回顾性研究发现,4.5%出现骨膜炎,0.8%出现杵状指(趾)和关节痛。我国报道6151例肺癌患者,1.87%存在HPOA,其中91%为男性,平均年龄62岁,76%存在吸烟史。本研究5例患者4例为男性,平均年龄51岁,4例有吸烟史,与上述文献报道类似。

HPOA可早于呼吸系统症状数月出现,本研究5例以关节炎为首发表现的患者中2例无呼吸系统症状,诊断尤为困难。HPOA的典型临床表现是肢体疼痛或肿胀,也可表现为关节肿痛,以负重大关节如踝关节、膝关节多见,也可累及掌指关节、近端指间关节、腕关节和肘关节,呈对称性,极易模拟风湿性疾病的表现,存在双手关节受累时易误诊为早期类风湿关节炎或不典型类风湿关节炎。本研究5例患者均有对称性下肢大关节肿痛,其中3例存在双腕关节受累的患者早期均被误诊为类风湿关节炎,与上述文献报道一致。继发于HPOA的关节病变不同于类风湿关节炎,前者为非炎性关节炎,关节液检查为非炎性,滑膜病理主要为血管的过度增生。临床上HOPA与类风湿关节炎的主要不同点包括:(1)疼痛部位:HPOA不仅累及关节,也可出现附近骨组织累及,出现骨痛;(2)RF、抗CCP抗体通常阴性;(3)滑液检查为非炎性关节液;(4)影像学检查无骨侵蚀和关节间隙狭窄改变。本研究3例初期误诊为类风湿关节炎的患者RF、抗CCP抗体均阴性,影像学检查无骨侵蚀等类风湿关节炎的典型改变,最终完善影像学检查明确诊断为HPOA、肺癌。另外HPOA最常累及下肢负重大关节,此时需与脊柱关节炎和骨关节炎进行仔细鉴别。脊柱关节炎好发于青年男性,下肢大关节肿痛多为非对称性,HLA-B27多阳性,而HPOA患者好发于中老年男性,关节肿痛为对称性,HLA-B27通常阴性。本研究5例患者平均年龄为51岁,均有下肢大关节受累,但为对称性,HLA-B27均阴性,故排除脊柱关节炎的诊断。

本研究1例患者出现下肢负重大关节肿痛,X线示退行性改变,初期仅诊断为骨关节炎,但查体发现杵状指,实验室检查肿瘤标记物水平升高,最终影像学检查明确诊断为HPOA、肺癌。故在临床上要重视查体,尤其是杵状指(趾),有助于早期发现线索。

影像学在HPOA的诊断中发挥重要作用,管状骨骨膜炎是HPOA的三联征之一。X线主要表现为双侧管状骨对称性骨膜增生,以肌腱和韧带附着处更为明显,骨膜反应主要见于股骨下端、胫腓骨、尺桡骨远端,以及掌指骨、跖趾骨,均为双侧对称性,X线的表现可随原发病灶的清除而停止或吸收,反之原发病灶复发时,骨膜增生又可重新出现。发射型计算机断层扫描仪骨显像是诊断HPOA敏感的检查手段,也是判断HOPA的关键,HOPA的骨骼改变特点为规律、对称性的长骨骨皮质放射性摄取增高,下肢常见,长骨远端为着,关节周围也可出现放射性浓聚,骨显像对骨代谢异常变化非常敏感,较X线能更早、更全面地反映全身骨累及情况。其与肺癌骨转移所致的骨骼病变不同,后者主要是累及中轴骨及近端,以脊柱、肋骨、髂骨为多,放射性浓聚为不规则性,当累及长骨时也呈非对称性,病变主要表现在骨髓腔,鉴别两者有重要意义,因为两者的治疗不同,HOPA以治疗原发病灶为主,而骨转移需要进行相应的对症治疗。本研究3例患者X线显示骨膜炎改变,4例ECT骨显像示肢体对称性骨皮质显像异常,1例无相关资料,提示ECT骨显像对于HOPA的诊断更加敏感。

肺癌所致HOPA是副肿瘤综合征的表现,其治疗和预后取决于原发病的病理类型和分期。目前公认的治疗方案是:积极治疗原发病灶,包括手术切除、放疗及化疗,大多数HOPA患者的症状可得到明显改善,甚至完全缓解。QIAN等报道手术切除肿瘤后,91.1%的患者HOPA症状迅速改善,而非手术切除患者中77.4%症状改善。如果条件不允许,可应用改善症状的治疗,如非甾体类抗炎药、二磷酸盐、奥曲肽、迷走神经切除及VEGF拮抗剂等。

综上所述,肺癌引起的HOPA少见,并且骨关节症状可能早于呼吸系统症状,尤其是以关节炎为首发表现就诊于风湿科时,需详细询问病史、仔细查体,遇到下列情况更需提高警惕,积极进行恶性肿瘤的筛查:(1)中老年患者出现对称性关节炎,尤其是以下肢为主;(2)伴杵状指(趾),尤其是吸烟患者;(3)存在系统症状如发热、乏力、体质量下降、贫血等,且肿瘤标记物水平升高;(4)RF及抗CCP抗体阴性;(5)抗风湿治疗效果不佳,应及时行关节X线及骨骼ECT检查明确HOPA的诊断,一旦诊断HOPA,尽早完善肺部影像学筛查恶性肿瘤,包括原发性肺癌和肺转移癌。

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    2017-08-17 海豹
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    2017-03-21 卡圣

    感谢分享,学习了

    0

  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1808480, encodeId=d66e1808480d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f78f8188251' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肥大性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81882, encryptionId=f78f8188251, topicName=肥大性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3289320, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181643, encodeId=849918164324, content=感谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Tue Mar 21 10:03:52 CST 2017, time=2017-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1265381, encodeId=fdfc126538196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Sun Mar 19 03:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180879, encodeId=7ab41808e98f, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Sat Mar 18 12:41:35 CST 2017, time=2017-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180612, encodeId=7b171806125d, content=认真学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:39:47 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180608, encodeId=b0ed180608a6, content=第一次听说,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/03/06/5f39e7853799815dbe19c01ea4999c7b.jpg, createdBy=56612031994, createdName=一骨医心, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:13:15 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-19 lmm397
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1808480, encodeId=d66e1808480d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f78f8188251' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肥大性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81882, encryptionId=f78f8188251, topicName=肥大性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3289320, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181643, encodeId=849918164324, content=感谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Tue Mar 21 10:03:52 CST 2017, time=2017-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1265381, encodeId=fdfc126538196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Sun Mar 19 03:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180879, encodeId=7ab41808e98f, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Sat Mar 18 12:41:35 CST 2017, time=2017-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180612, encodeId=7b171806125d, content=认真学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:39:47 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180608, encodeId=b0ed180608a6, content=第一次听说,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/03/06/5f39e7853799815dbe19c01ea4999c7b.jpg, createdBy=56612031994, createdName=一骨医心, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:13:15 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-18 卡圣

    谢谢分享,学习了

    0

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    2017-03-17 卡圣

    认真学习,谢谢分享

    0

  6. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1808480, encodeId=d66e1808480d1, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f78f8188251' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#肥大性#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=81882, encryptionId=f78f8188251, topicName=肥大性)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=3289320, createdName=海豹, createdTime=Thu Aug 17 06:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-08-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=181643, encodeId=849918164324, content=感谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Tue Mar 21 10:03:52 CST 2017, time=2017-03-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1265381, encodeId=fdfc126538196, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=57a53011364' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#关节炎#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=30113, encryptionId=57a53011364, topicName=关节炎)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f90281, createdName=lmm397, createdTime=Sun Mar 19 03:53:00 CST 2017, time=2017-03-19, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180879, encodeId=7ab41808e98f, content=谢谢分享,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=89, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Sat Mar 18 12:41:35 CST 2017, time=2017-03-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180612, encodeId=7b171806125d, content=认真学习,谢谢分享, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/NUyjXTCJjo6KcicAVC1MwuOWcPEsEP4FrvDcicue5V6rMkmXmY73KjYP59vQrEdjU89iaN4ZkOhsItlHkmGTjhV3b5S3zOQA4E0/0, createdBy=cc261682151, createdName=卡圣, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:39:47 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=180608, encodeId=b0ed180608a6, content=第一次听说,学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/03/06/5f39e7853799815dbe19c01ea4999c7b.jpg, createdBy=56612031994, createdName=一骨医心, createdTime=Fri Mar 17 14:13:15 CST 2017, time=2017-03-17, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-03-17 一骨医心

    第一次听说,学习了

    0

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