如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?

2018-04-23 山东省潍坊市人民医院心脏内科 牟延光 中华医学信息导报

巨大倒置T波是指体表心电图有3个以上导联出现深度>1.0 mV的倒置T波,常见于心尖部肥厚型心肌病巨大倒置T波、缺血性巨大倒置T波及Niagara瀑布样T波,下文逐个加以分析。

巨大倒置T波是指体表心电图有3个以上导联出现深度>1.0 mV的倒置T波,常见于心尖部肥厚型心肌病巨大倒置T波、缺血性巨大倒置T波及Niagara瀑布样T波,下文逐个加以分析。

心尖肥厚型心肌病

病例一

患者,男性,62岁。因阵发性胸闷就诊。超声心动图检查结果:房室内径正常,心尖部增厚,冠状动脉造影检查冠状动脉无狭窄病变,左心室造影显示心尖部心腔缩小,呈锥状。心电图显示以V4导联为中心R波振幅增高,T波深尖倒置。



图1 心尖部肥厚型心肌病的巨大倒置T波

解析

心尖肥厚型心肌病由日本学者Yamaguchi等于1976年提出,属于肥厚型心肌病的较少见类型,以心尖部心肌不对称性肥厚为特征,不引起左室流出道的狭窄,临床症状不典型。目前认为是常染色体显性遗传疾病,肌节收缩蛋白基因如心脏肌球蛋白重链及心脏肌钙蛋白T基因突变是主要的致病因素。儿茶酚胺代谢紊乱、原癌基因表达异常、钙调节异常、高血压、剧烈运动、长期酗酒、慢性缺氧等均可成为本病发病的诱因。

肥厚的心肌纤维排列紊乱,自内膜向外膜的动作电位时程明显延长,可引起巨大T波倒置(图1)。T波倒置常见于中胸及左胸导联,以Ⅰ、aVL、V2~V5导联明显,V4导联最显著。T波深尖、基底窄,双支略不对称。T波倒置常伴相应导联R波增高及ST段压低。T波倒置一般短期内固定不变。倒置T波最深振幅和R波最高振幅与心尖部厚度、心尖部与左室后壁厚度的比值显著相关,与ST段下移程度呈正相关,R波越高的导联T波倒置越深、ST段压低越明显。因为局限于心尖部的肥厚心肌产生巨大向量投影在V3~V5导联上,V4导联主要反映心尖部心肌肥厚程度及心肌除极和复极的变化,因此R波振幅、ST段压低及T波倒置程度表现为V4≥V5≥V3(V6)。

缺血性巨大倒置T波

病例二

患者,男性,54岁。因“突发持续性胸痛30 h”入院。临床诊断:冠心病、急性前间壁心肌梗死。心电图显示:V1~V4导联均见Q波,胸前导联T波倒置,以V2~V3导联最显著,T波最深达1.9mV。



图2 急性心肌梗死患者的巨大倒置T波

解析

巨大倒置T波可出现于急性心肌梗死的演变过程中(图2),持续数日或更长时间后变浅或转为低平、直立。缺血性巨大倒置T波常见于缺血、梗死区导联,巨大倒置T波形态窄、顶端变锐、内角变小,双支对称“冠状T”,中速演变,巨大倒置T波常伴随同导联病理性Q波、ST段压低、T波演变,QT间期正常,无R波增高。

Niagara瀑布样T波

病例三

患者,男性,65岁。临床诊断:脑出血。心电图显示:V5导联T波深倒置,开口宽阔,底部不平滑,倒置T波的起始部见房性P’波(箭头所示),其后有不完全代偿间歇。心电图诊断:窦性心律、房性期前收缩未下传、Niagara瀑布样T波。



图3 脑出血引起的倒置T波

病例四

患者,男性,72岁。因“排尿不畅2年,停止排尿10 h”入院。临床诊断:良性前列腺增生症、急性尿潴留。心电图显示:Ⅰ、aVL、Ⅱ、aVF、V2~V6导联T波巨大倒置,双支不对称,底部钝挫,QT间期长达0.72 s,无病理性Q波及明显的ST段偏移。心电图诊断:窦性心律、Niagara瀑布样T波。尿潴留解除后心电图恢复正常。



图4 急性尿潴留导致的巨大倒置T波

解析

2001年哈佛医学院Hurst·JW教授将脑血管意外患者出现的一种特殊形态的巨大倒置T波形象地命名为Niagara瀑布样T波,亦可由交感神经过度兴奋引起,又称交感神经介导的巨大倒置T波。自主神经功能紊乱,交感神经兴奋产生儿茶酚胺风暴,使心肌一过性电功能障碍、心室复极延迟、离散度增加,产生Niagara瀑布样T波并易导致恶性室性心律失常。常见于颅脑病变(图3)引起的脑原性T波改变,阿-斯综合征发作后。交感神经过度兴奋的其他疾病:各种急腹症、急性尿潴留(图4)、神经外科手术后、心动过速后、肺栓塞、二尖瓣脱垂等。

Niagara瀑布样T波常见于中胸及左胸导联,即V3~V6导联,亦见于肢体导联,但V1、aVR导联可存在宽而直立的T波;巨大倒置T波宽深倒置、不对称,常有切迹。T波演变迅速,可持续数日后自行消失;巨大倒置T波常伴随QT间期延长、U波显著(>0.15mV)及快速室性心律失常;不伴ST段偏移及病理性Q波。

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    2018-04-24 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文献.学习了

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    2018-04-23 ann y

    如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308758, encodeId=1a75308e580a, content=好文献.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=44, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Tue Apr 24 07:43:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308642, encodeId=f96830864283, content=如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 23:00:13 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308641, encodeId=02e63086411e, content=如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=58, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 23:00:08 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308640, encodeId=433930864087, content=如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=1, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 23:00:03 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308639, encodeId=ee4230863993, content=如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=50, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 22:59:57 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=308638, encodeId=2c7f30863819, content=如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=19, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/mStl88fu4NfNLvzZhgPxRrYOibkVibW9vAkCfb2F55aHjqMoqUVaF9fuXIMCxexawSOsicpbF7Ria7o54zPK65PodlkwhPrNhLhS/0, createdBy=12f71314239, createdName=ann y, createdTime=Mon Apr 23 22:59:51 CST 2018, time=2018-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-23 ann y

    如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?

    0

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    2018-04-23 ann y

    如何鉴别巨大倒置T波?

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    2018-04-23 ann y

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