PNAS:病毒感染如何引发自身免疫疾病的发作

2017-03-24 佚名 生物探索

病毒感染可以引发自身免疫疾病的发作,比如急性散播性脑脊髓炎。对于这种疾病,在病毒感染后,机体开始攻击一种保护大脑和脊髓中神经的蛋白质。不过,病毒感染如何与免疫系统相互作用来引发自身免疫应答,这仍然是一个谜。

病毒感染可以引发自身免疫疾病的发作,比如急性散播性脑脊髓炎。对于这种疾病,在病毒感染后,机体开始攻击一种保护大脑和脊髓中神经的蛋白质。不过,病毒感染如何与免疫系统相互作用来引发自身免疫应答,这仍然是一个谜。

最近,瑞士巴塞尔大学和美国怀特黑德研究所的研究人员报道,当B细胞直接与病毒感染的细胞相互作用,它们引发了意想不到的连锁反应。这项研究成果发表在《美国科学院院报》(PNAS)杂志上。

这篇文章的第一作者、瑞士巴塞尔大学的Nicholas Sanderson表示:“这就好像你从包里掏出钱包的时候,也拉出了你的围巾。”病毒抗原的意外共捕获可能通过与其他免疫细胞的相互作用而引发自身免疫应答。

为了探索这种现象,研究人员培养了表达髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白(MOG,带有GFP标记)和流感血凝素(HA)的细胞,然后引入特异识别MOG或HA的转基因B细胞。MOG是一种自身抗原,而HA是一种病毒抗原。

他们发现,无论HA是否存在,识别MOG的转基因B细胞都能捕获GFP标记的MOG。不过,当HA存在时,识别HA的转基因B细胞也捕获GFP标记的MOG。因此,专门捕获HA的B细胞也能共捕获自身抗原MOG。

“一旦B细胞接触到表达HA和GFP-融合蛋白的细胞,它们就开始吞噬它,在几分钟之内,B细胞内就充满了这种蛋白质,它已经咬破了转染细胞的膜,”Sanderson说。

HA的这种意外共捕获并不是因为B细胞吞噬通路中的每种蛋白质。进一步的实验表明,并不是所有在膜上表达的蛋白质都被共捕获。这种现象可能是由于膜上的位置相同,或其他一些直接的相互作用。在膜上表达的病毒抗原使它们似乎更容易被B细胞捕获。

其他的实验也证实,抗病毒的T细胞识别B细胞吸收的病毒抗原,引发对病毒的应答。然而,如果B细胞也共捕获其他抗原,则T细胞也识别自身抗原MOG。这种偶然现象引发了自身抗体的产生,最终对MOG进行攻击,导致急性散播性脑脊髓炎的发生。

Sanderson认为:“这个过程如此活跃,如此快速,导致B细胞的大量激活,让我们感觉这不可能是实验假象。这必然与发生的一些生理现象真实相关。”研究人员目前正在了解病毒感染的人体组织中是否发生这个过程。

原始出处:

Sanderson NS,Zimmermann M,Eilinger L,et al.Cocapture of cognate and bystander antigens can activate autoreactive B cells.Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A.

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    2017-11-11 drwjr
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    2017-03-25 1ddf0692m34(暂无匿称)

    探索生命奥秘

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