2018版《急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南》正式发布

2019-03-22 佚名 中华医学信息导报

最新一期出版的《中华内科杂志》刊登了《急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南(2018年,杭州)》。急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)是临床最常见的急危重症之一,为了指导国内的临床医师对ANVUGIB进行规范化诊治, 我国在2009年发表了《急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南》,并于2015年进行了更新。随着各学科技术的飞速发展,近年来对于ANVUGIB又有了新的认识,因此, 《中华内

最新一期出版的《中华内科杂志》刊登了《急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南(2018年,杭州)》。急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血(ANVUGIB)是临床最常见的急危重症之一,为了指导国内的临床医师对ANVUGIB进行规范化诊治, 我国在2009年发表了《急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血诊治指南》,并于2015年进行了更新。随着各学科技术的飞速发展,近年来对于ANVUGIB又有了新的认识,因此, 《中华内科杂志》《中华医学杂志》《中华消化杂志》《中华消化内镜杂志》及中国医师协会内镜医师分会消化内镜专业委员会于2018年再次组织相关领域的专家,结合近年来国内外高质量临床证据及参考相关指南,对2015年颁布的指南进行了修订,这将对我国ANVUGIB临床诊治的规范性具有重要意义,对进一步提高我国ANVUGIB的救治水平也将发挥积极作用。

指南推荐要点

1.消化性溃疡出血是我国ANVUGIB的最主要原因。ANVUGIB多为上消化道病变所致,少数为胆胰疾患引起,其中以消化性溃疡、上消化道肿瘤、应激性溃疡、急慢性上消化道黏膜炎症最为常见。近年来服用非甾体消炎药,尤其是阿司匹林或其他抗血小板聚集药物也逐渐成为上消化道出血的重要病因。我国ANVUGIB病因主要包括消化性溃疡(56.6%)、急性黏膜病变(13.6%)、恶性肿瘤(13.2%)、其他病因(16.6%)等。

2.对ANVUGIB患者应立即进行全身情况及血流动力学评估, 并尽快进行液体复苏。对于合并血流动力学不稳的患者,应在积极液体复苏纠正血流动力学紊乱后尽早行紧急内镜检查。

3.对需要输血的ANVUGIB患者,建议采取限制性输血治疗。下列情况时可输血,紧急时输液、输血同时进行:(1)收缩压<90 mmHg (1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),或较基础收缩压降低幅度>30 mmHg;(2) 血红蛋白<70 g/L,血细胞比容 <25%;(3)心率增快(>120次/ min)。已有研究显示,与开放性输血相比,对上消化道出血患者采取限制性输血可改善预后,减少再出血率和降低病死率。

4.建议采用经过临床验证的预后评分体系对患者进行病情评估,在内镜下采用Forrest分级对出血溃疡进行再出血风险判断。目前应用较为广泛的评分系统有 Blatchford评分、Rockall评分、 AIMS65评分,但各自的临床价值尚待进一步确认。

5.内镜治疗前采用大剂量质子泵抑制剂(PPIs)可减少内镜下止血的需要、降低内镜治疗难度;内镜治疗后大剂量PPIs可以降低高危患者再出血率及病死率。对于常规止血方法无效的难治性消化性溃疡出血,可采用 Over-The-Scope-Clip(OTSC) 系统进行补救治疗。推荐对Forrest分级Ia~IIb的出血病变行内镜下止血治疗。常用的内镜止血方法包括药物局部注射、热凝止血和机械止血3种。药物注射可选用1∶10 000去甲肾上腺素盐水、高渗钠-肾上腺素溶液等,其优点为简便易行;热凝止血包括高频电凝、氩离子凝固术、热探头、微波等方法,止血效果可靠,但需要一定的设备与技术经验;机械止血主要采用各种止血夹,尤其适用于活动性出血,但对某些部位的病灶难以操作。临床证据表明,在药物注射治疗的基础上,联合一种热凝或机械止血方法,可以进一步提高局部病灶的止血效果。

6.对于内镜黏膜下剥离术/内镜下黏膜切除术(ESD/ EMR)术后形成的人工溃疡, 应按照消化性溃疡的标准给予抑酸治疗。对伴有ESD术后迟发性出血危险因素及人工溃疡延迟愈合高危因素的患者,可酌情增加 PPIs用量、延长疗程或加用黏膜保护剂。

7.ANVUGIB在成功止血后, 应积极采取针对原发病的病因治疗,预防再出血。对于幽门螺杆菌(Hp)阳性的消化性溃疡出血患者,成功止血后应尽早开始根除Hp治疗。

本指南参与专家柏愚、 李兆申在相关文章中指出, 本次指南主要参照近年来有关ANVUGIB的临床流行病学、内镜治疗导致的人工溃疡出血、高危溃疡的定义、新型止血方法、根除Hp研究等的变化与进展进行了修订。修订后的主要内容与国际上的重要指南保持一致,又具有中国特色。同时提醒医师注意, 指南中所引用的大样本量、多中心、随机对照研究大多源于欧美的临床研究结果,而中国与欧美国家在患者特征、临床实践诸多方面均存在较大差别,能否直接照搬国外的研究结论值得我们重视。因此,他们呼吁我国的临床机构、医师应积极合作,开展高水平的临床研究,为日后指南的修订提供更多的符合中国患者特征的高质量数据,以造福患者。

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    2020-02-23 fusion
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    2019-05-07 jyzxjiangqin

    非静脉曲张的治疗。

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1932071, encodeId=3f3619320e176, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=5f8799e58f7' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#非静脉曲张性上消化道出血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99758, encryptionId=5f8799e58f7, topicName=非静脉曲张性上消化道出血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=1d01326, createdName=lizhou0204, createdTime=Wed Sep 18 20:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-09-18, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1723072, encodeId=69061e23072d7, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=0cc01998259' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#上消化道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=31, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=19982, encryptionId=0cc01998259, topicName=上消化道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b81833366357, createdName=zchen, createdTime=Wed Oct 30 21:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-10-30, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1697871, encodeId=9c4e169e871a5, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f2399910109' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#静脉#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=99101, encryptionId=f2399910109, topicName=静脉)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0bc129907796, createdName=fusion, createdTime=Sun Feb 23 19:53:00 CST 2020, time=2020-02-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=365882, encodeId=f017365882cf, content=非静脉曲张的治疗。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Tue May 07 19:47:11 CST 2019, time=2019-05-07, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=364550, encodeId=9e2a364550c2, content=上消化道出血诊治指南。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160806/IMG57A5698BDB0244113.jpg, createdBy=32a91358059, createdName=jyzxjiangqin, createdTime=Fri Apr 12 18:07:14 CST 2019, time=2019-04-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1464609, encodeId=2a84146460954, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32e765e6591' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消化道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=30, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65765, encryptionId=32e765e6591, topicName=消化道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b6e6676048, createdName=changhe715, createdTime=Sun Mar 24 07:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1604779, encodeId=7b771604e7971, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9c279166488' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#诊治指南#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=91664, encryptionId=9c279166488, topicName=诊治指南)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=0d4719270101, createdName=ms9651749636653578, createdTime=Sun Mar 24 07:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1623132, encodeId=2b4f162313283, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=518952469d3' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=52469, encryptionId=518952469d3, topicName=急性非静脉曲张性上消化道出血)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c48520501558, createdName=kcb076, createdTime=Sun Mar 24 07:53:00 CST 2019, time=2019-03-24, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2019-04-12 jyzxjiangqin

    上消化道出血诊治指南。

    0

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