2018长城会(GW-ICC):韩雅玲专题︱比伐芦定在急性心肌梗死中应用的循证之路

2018-10-18 MedSci MedSci原创

比伐芦定,是一种注射用直接凝血酶抑制剂,具有作用可逆、半衰期短、不引起血小板减少等特点。它可以作用于游离凝血酶,也可以作用于血栓中与纤维蛋白结合的凝血酶。不过,近几年比伐芦定在PCI围手术期的抗凝地位仍受争议。在此次长城会上,韩雅玲院士详细解读了比伐芦定近年来的临床研究新证据,并分享了用药体会。比伐芦定重要临床研究回顾在2004年到2013年期间,比伐芦定的早期临床随机对照研究发现比伐芦定与肝

比伐芦定,是一种注射用直接凝血酶抑制剂,具有作用可逆、半衰期短、不引起血小板减少等特点。它可以作用于游离凝血酶,也可以作用于血栓中与纤维蛋白结合的凝血酶。不过,近几年比伐芦定在PCI围手术期的抗凝地位仍受争议。在此次长城会上,韩雅玲院士详细解读了比伐芦定近年来的临床研究新证据,并分享了用药体会。


比伐芦定重要临床研究回顾

在2004年到2013年期间,比伐芦定的早期临床随机对照研究发现比伐芦定与肝素加上GPI相比,可以减少出血的风险。而且在HORIZONS-AMI研究中发现比伐卢定降低了死亡率。因此无论是在美国ACC/AHA STEMI还是欧洲ESC STEMI的指南,比伐卢定一开始就定为I类临床推荐用药。

比伐芦定近期证据解读

当代介入心脏病学开始以后,尤其是桡动脉入路比例增高、新型P2Y12受体抑制剂治疗心脏病开始以后,对比伐芦定的临床作用效果需要进行新的评价。在2013年临床EUROMAX实验结果表明,对STEMI患者使用肝素±GPI或只用比伐芦定,比伐芦定依然表现良好。

不过,2014年一篇发表在Lancet的文章表明,对拟行急诊冠脉造影的STEMI患者分别用肝素或比伐芦定,得到与之前的结果完全不同的结论。他发现使用比伐芦定后,心梗及支架血栓的发生率可以达到3.4%,而肝素只有0.9%。该文章发表以后受到关注,这是从04年开始以后第一个比伐芦定阴性甚至是负面的结果。虽然这个实验设计备受争议,包括单中心研究、事后签署书面知情同意书、无独立的事件委员会且术中剂量偏低(ACT值偏低)等,但这项研究还是带来了指南的调整。2014年,ESC率先将比伐芦定的推荐从I类降低到IIA。

2015年,韩院士带头的BRIGHT研究在JAMA上发表。在实验过程中,他们在术后没有立刻停止比伐芦定的注射,而是在术后高剂量延长静点至少30min,最高不超过4小时,平均PCI后高剂量延长静滴注射234min。此时急性支架内血栓发生率早期用比伐芦定和肝素相同,都是0.3%。
这个结果与之前Lancet的结果达成了鲜明的对照。因为这个设计是前瞻性的100%药物高剂量的静脉注射,跟其他延注不同。这个BRIGHT研究特点为在国际上首次提出PPCI抗栓空窗期的概念,并采用术后足量延长注射的方法,覆盖抗栓空窗期,可有效降低急性ST发生风险,且不增加出血事件。

在BRIGHT研究发表后,还有很多研究也证实了这样的问题。2016年JACC CI分册-META分析肝素和比伐芦定之间发生急性支架血栓和出血的情况,发现比伐芦定采用高剂量以后血栓发生率确实没有增高,且高剂量并没有导致出血的增多。但如果不用高剂量,血栓是增高的。

2017年一篇发表在Catheter Cardiovasc Interv. 上的META分析证明与肝素相比,PCI后足剂量注射比伐芦定显著减少全因死亡和血管死亡。通过多中心、大样本回顾性研究分析,发现PCI后持续应用高剂量比伐芦定的超过一半的患者都没有急性ST发生。这个回顾性研究更进一步证实了前瞻性研究所得出的结论。

2017年SWEDEHEART研究发现比伐芦定组30天全因死亡率显著低于肝素组(23%),然而同年的VALIDATE SWEDEHEART研究又表明比伐芦定组180天的缺血及出血终点均与肝素一致。

为什么同样的数据、团队,同年发表而结果不同呢?

G.W.Stone教授认为,30天是比较围术期抗凝疗效与安全性的最佳时间点,而VALIDATE研究选择观察的时间点为180天作为主要终点。同时,比伐芦定组91%的患者合用肝素,会减小两组间的差异。而且,STEMI与NSTEMI是两种不同的临床类型,STEMI患者血小板激活更强,血栓负荷更重;既往研究提示STEMI患者应用比伐芦定临床获益更明显,而VALIDATE研究却发现两者的临床疗效相似。

2018年 ESC公布的MATRIX发布研究结果表明,与肝素相比,比伐芦定显著降低全因死亡(21%)和血管死亡(26%),显著降低30天大出血发生风险44%。

如何正确理解比伐芦定推荐的“降级”



近年来,欧盟鼓励和奖励以控制费用为目的实践。在欧洲,比伐芦定的价格远高于肝素(52倍),因此减少比伐芦定使用能够进一步减少费用。不过,国外的专家尤其是美国的专家认为,对于一个药品来说,它的有效性、安全性比价格更重要。美国医疗之星华盛顿医院中心Ron Waksman教授表示“费用不应该成为主要考虑的因素,面对STEMI病人,应该首先关注救治生命或挽救心肌,或减少并发症,其次才是减低额外的话费。应该把有效性和安全性分开考虑”。

特殊人群中的证据

1. 比伐芦定用于出血高危人群

⑴. 股动脉入路:EUROMAX-血管入路亚组:在股动脉入路患者中,比伐芦定相较肝素具有更优的安全性,可明显降低30天的大出血发生风险; ⑵. 女性人群:
BRIGHT研究-女性亚组:与肝素相比,比伐芦定可显著减少女性AMI患者直接PCI术后30天NACE风险,其主要获益来自出血事件减少(BARC2-5型出血减少3.5倍);⑶. 溶栓后人群:单中心回顾性研究:溶栓后紧急PCI术中应用比伐芦定抗凝显著降低出血风险,且不增加缺血风险;⑷. 肾功能不全人群:G.W.Stone2018年发表在ACC的META分析:来自6个临床研究的6405例合并CKD(eGFR≤60 ml/min)的ACS,比伐芦定在NACE及主要出血方面相较肝素具有明显优势;⑸. 高龄人群:HORIZON-AMI和EUROMAX汇总分析:2149例>65岁患者中,与肝素相比,比伐芦定降低非CABG大出血、亚急性ST和临床净不良事件发生率。 

2. 比伐芦定用于出血低危人群

BRIGHT研究-桡动脉亚组:在桡动脉路径行直接PCI治疗的AMI患者中, 与肝素相比(包括单独肝素或联合替罗非班),围术期使用比伐芦定(高剂量)30天NACE明显降低,其获益主要来源于出血减少(包括穿刺和非穿刺部位与肝素相比RRR 60.9%, P=0.057),支架血栓无增高。提示在“经桡动脉时代”,比伐芦定仍具有减少急诊PCI围术期出血的优势。

小结 

近年新证据表明,比伐芦定作为新型抗凝剂在PCI术中的应用,比肝素具有更确切的抗凝效力以及更优的安全性;我们应正确解读2018-ESC-心肌血运重建指南对于比伐芦定推荐的“降级”。未来随着比伐芦定应用证据的进一步积累,其适应证可能会更加广泛(CTO等复杂病变、特殊人群),为心血管介入医生提供更为安全有效的抗凝策略选择。

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    2018-11-13 13718711b3m

    非常不错的临床经验,值得借鉴与推广,学习了,受益匪浅,谢谢分享!

    0

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    2018-10-20 xjy04
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    2018-10-20 zhs3884
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