Appl Environ Microb:实锤!医院贪图节能竟让洗衣机成为病原体的藏身所

2019-10-07 徐悦 生物探索

在德国波恩大学的新生儿重症监护室中,一研究小组发现13例早产儿的皮肤上携带着一种耐抗生素的酸克雷伯菌。令人费解的是人们不知道这种细菌到底来自何处?为何反复出现?研究人员对育婴保温箱、与早产儿有过接触的医护人员进行检测希望找到感染源,然而检测结果均为阴性。

在德国波恩大学的新生儿重症监护室中,一研究小组发现13例早产儿的皮肤上携带着一种耐抗生素的酸克雷伯菌。令人费解的是人们不知道这种细菌到底来自何处?为何反复出现?研究人员对育婴保温箱、与早产儿有过接触的医护人员进行检测希望找到感染源,然而检测结果均为阴性。

臭名昭著的耐药菌

测试结果显示,婴儿重复不断地被酸克雷伯菌感染。酸克雷伯菌通常在肠道、口鼻中可以找到。但是,正如每个微生物学专家都知道的那样,这种细菌也会导致肺炎、尿路感染、软组织感染、血液重度甚至引起败血性休克。对于那些免疫系统较弱的人来说,这可能是严重的甚至威胁生命。抗药性的细菌感染可能很难治疗。

于是研究人员将目光投向了送给婴儿保暖使用的袜子和衣帽,这才发现了细菌的来源。于是顺藤摸瓜找到了医院洗衣房的洗衣机。研究人员发现,这家医院使用的是普通家用版的洗衣机,而并不是通常在医院环境中使用消毒剂进行高温洗涤的工业洗衣机。

根据德国医院卫生准则,医院要使用特殊的洗衣机和洗衣程序,这些洗衣机和程序要在高温下用消毒剂清洗,或者使用指定的外部洗衣店。

在进一步的调查中研究人员发现,在家用洗衣机的洗涤剂盒与橡胶密封处以及水槽内竟是酸克雷伯菌的藏身之所。

在最新一期的《应用与环境微生物学》杂志上,研究人员发表论文称:洗衣机或许是传播耐药菌的主要场所。特别是在医疗保健领域,患者的衣服与医护人员的工作服可能会被耐多药革兰氏阴性菌污染。

节能和除菌难以抉择

任何类型的家用洗衣机都能洗掉你衣服、毛巾和床单上的污垢和污渍,但它们不能消毒。医院会使用含氯产品和过氧化物作为消毒剂,同时在清洗时使用热水、在干燥过程中设置高温这些都有利于杀菌。研究表明,有效杀灭可能致病菌的建议温度为60℃或更高。

即使在冷水中加入漂白剂也不会奏效。研究表明,在较低的洗涤温度下,漂白剂的活性会大幅下降,变得不足。

但是与此同时,很多环保能源部呼吁洗衣服时降低水温。在欧洲,彩色衣物最常在30至40℃的温度下洗涤。在中国、韩国和日本,冷水是首选温度。美国政府也建议尽可能用冷水清洗。很多环保人士表示:“除非你是在处理油渍,否则洗衣机里的温水或冷水一般都能很好地清洗你的衣服。把你的温度设置从热调到暖可以减少一半的能源消耗。”

结语

正如研究人员所描述的,如果没有达到足够高的温度,许多细菌菌株可以在潮湿的环境中存活相当长的时间,包括洗涤过程。尽管洗衣机具有65℃的洗涤程序,但洗衣机的橡胶罩和橡胶门封条似乎未达到该温度。因此,抗药性细菌基本上能够在温暖潮湿的环境中迅速繁殖。

为了健康,是否能够对洗衣机的设计和工艺进行更改,以防止残留的水积聚,以免微生物滋生并污染衣物。


原始出处:

Ricarda M. Schmithausen, Esther Sib, Martin Exner,  et al. The washing machine as a reservoir for transmission of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (CTX-M-15)-producing Klebsiella oxytoca ST201 in newborns. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. September 27, 2019


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    2020-03-30 xjy02
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    2019-10-09 xue8605
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