围术期镇痛管理病例分享2例

2018-07-20 CMT 中国医学论坛报

女性患者,45岁,身高150 cm,体重45 kg,麻醉风险评级为美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ级。因“体检发现右肾肿物5天”入院,拟行“机器人辅助腹腔镜右肾部分切除术”。否认高血压、糖尿病、心脏病等慢性病史,右乳肿块切除术后30余年,剖宫产术后20余年。

浙江大学医学院附属邵逸夫医院 王海宏


王海宏医师

病例介绍

病历摘要

女性患者,45岁,身高150 cm,体重45 kg,麻醉风险评级为美国麻醉师协会(ASA)分级Ⅱ级。因“体检发现右肾肿物5天”入院,拟行“机器人辅助腹腔镜右肾部分切除术”。否认高血压糖尿病、心脏病等慢性病史,右乳肿块切除术后30余年,剖宫产术后20余年。

患者手术日晨病房血压为150/101 mmHg,心率105 次/分,血氧饱和度(SpO2)为98%。入室后常规心电监护,桡动脉血压180/101 mmHg(考虑与紧张有关,以下术中血压均为桡动脉血压),心率99 次/分,SpO2 99%,熵指数为99。

麻醉情况

予丙泊酚100 mg、羟考酮13.5 mg、顺式阿曲库铵10 mg行麻醉诱导。注射完毕后血压为124/72 mmHg,心率为83次/分,SpO2 100%,熵指数为28。3分钟后在可视喉镜下行气管插管,插管后予七氟烷、丙泊酚维持麻醉并根据熵指数调节。手术划皮前追加羟考酮4.5 mg。手术结束前约30分钟追加羟考酮4.5 mg,手术全程共用羟考酮22.5 mg,丙泊酚900 mg。患者麻醉期间血流动力学指标和熵指数由表1示。术后送麻醉后监测治疗室(PACU)。



术中出血较多时血压降至85/60 mmHg,心率为78次/分,SpO2 为97%,熵指数为38,予以输注红细胞悬液3.5个单位后血压趋于平稳。麻醉诱导期间及术中患者均未出现呛咳与体动。

入PACU后约30 分钟时患者出现呛咳反射,第45分钟拔管。表2为术后随访情况。



病例小结

达芬奇机器人手术系统已开始应用于各个领域,应用于肾切除手术也必将成为一大趋势,但同时也对麻醉提出了更高的要求。全身麻醉的重点在麻醉诱导与术中管理。在麻醉的状态下,应该尽可能保持血流动力学的稳定,减少手术过程中的应激反应,并在术后予以良好的镇痛,提高患者满意度,促进顺利康复。

基于机器人肾切除手术的手术时间较短,创伤较小,涉及肌肉组织较少,可考虑采用单一镇痛药全程管控,或减少术中其他阿片类药物的应用。与传统的阿片类药物相比,羟考酮作为阿片μ、κ双受体激动剂,其镇痛强度与吗啡相当,且对内脏的痛镇痛作用更佳,而腔镜肾切除术以内脏痛最为明显。同时羟考酮具有起效迅速(2~3分钟)、消除半衰期中等(3.5小时)和不良反应较轻等特点,不导致组胺释放,不抑制副交感神经,因此可作为麻醉诱导药。

本病例中,患者的手术时间为220分钟,气腹时间185分钟,麻醉时间255分钟,采用羟考酮单药诱导+间断维持镇痛,手术全程消耗羟考酮22.5 mg,丙泊酚900mg。在麻醉诱导过程中血流动力学稳定,未发生呛咳;术中麻醉平稳,患者无体动;术后未给予其他镇痛药物,随访镇痛效果好。

达芬奇机器人辅助下行肾切除术时,在麻醉诱导时用羟考酮,有实现全程管控的可能,值得进一步深入研究。

羟考酮用于结肠恶性肿瘤切除术围术期疼痛管理病例一例

东北国际医院 王丽

王丽医师

病例介绍

病历摘要

女性患者,64岁,身高160 cm,体重60 kg,体质指数(BMI)为23.4 kg/m2,术前诊断为结肠恶性肿瘤。胸部CT提示肝脏多发占位性病变,肝继发恶性肿瘤。拟行结肠癌根治性右半结肠切除术,肝转移瘤行介入治疗。

患者既往无高血压、心脏病、糖尿病慢性病史;否认肝炎、结核等传染病史;无手术麻醉史及过敏史,术前有中度贫血,肝肾功能无异常,心电图正常。患者麻醉风险评级ASAⅡ级,拟实施的麻醉方式为静吸复合全麻。患者无麻醉前用药。在麻醉访视时同时向患者进行术后镇痛宣教。

麻醉情况

患者进手术室后行常规生命体征监测,行桡动脉穿刺置管并测压,开放右上肢外周静脉,静注丙泊酚130 mg,舒芬太尼20μg,顺式阿曲库铵12 mg行麻醉诱导。注射完毕3分钟后于可视喉镜下行气管插管。术中予以丙泊酚、右美托咪定、瑞芬太尼、七氟烷静吸复合维持脑电双频指数(BIS)在40~60之间。手术结束前30分钟,停止泵入右美托咪定,静脉注射盐酸羟考酮注射液5 mg,术毕前10分钟停止泵注丙泊酚。

患者转入PACU 5分钟后意识恢复,BIS值为96,潮气量为420 ml,呼吸频率为15次/分,吸痰后拔出导管。患者无术后躁动,呼吸平顺。观察5分钟后视觉模拟评分(VAS)为2分,连接静脉自控镇痛(PCIA)泵30 分钟后安返病房。

患者的PCIA配方为盐酸羟考酮注射液70 mg+昂丹司琼8 mg+0.9%氯化钠注射液稀释至150 ml,以每小时3 ml维持,单次给药剂量(bolus剂量)为0.5 ml,锁定时间为15分钟。

在围术期共使用盐酸羟考酮注射液75 mg,患者对镇痛效果满意,没有出现恶心呕吐、头晕乏力和嗜睡现象。患者术后的具体随访情况见表3。



病例小结

开腹手术对患者的创伤较大,且因手术过程中内脏牵拉操作,患者可产生明显的术后急性疼痛,包括切口痛与内脏痛。这些疼痛刺激会使患者出现烦躁、失眠、恐惧等不良情绪变化。腹部手术的术后疼痛不仅限制患者活动,而且延缓胃肠功能恢复,增加心血管和呼吸系统的并发症,延长住院时间,因此,解决患者术后急性疼痛,提高患者围术期舒适度需要引起重视。

盐酸羟考酮注射液是阿片类生物碱的半合成蒂巴因衍生物,为μ受体和κ受体双重激动剂。μ受体激动作用与经典阿片类药物相当,可有效抑制腹部手术切口创伤导致的疼痛;而κ受体激动作用强于其他阿片类药物,与κ受体结合可减轻手术牵拉或腹腔炎症引起的内脏痛。

盐酸羟考酮注射液起效快,能在2~3分钟内迅速控制爆发痛,且作用时间长达4小时,消除半衰期3.5小时,既能避免频繁用药,又能满足术后镇痛需求,非常适合PCIA。另外,盐酸羟考酮注射液是水溶性药物,脂溶性低,不易在体内蓄积,可长时间反复使用,其代谢产物无临床镇痛作用,安全性高。

本病例手术结束前30分钟静注羟考酮5 mg,避免术后出现镇痛空白期;术后镇痛泵设置为维持剂量每小时3 ml,bolus剂量为0.5 ml,锁定时间15分钟。该病例表明,盐酸羟考酮注射液用于腹部手术结束前与术后PCIA镇痛,可有效控制患者术后切口痛与内脏痛,而不良反应少,值得进一步研究与应用。

值得强调的是,在术前访视和手术结束后要注意与患者及家属进行镇痛宣教,让他们正确理解镇痛泵的使用,避免患者疼痛时不敢按压或过度按压。

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    2018-07-27 张新亮1853311252142e2fm

    好文章学习了

    0

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    2018-07-22 zhaojie88
  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803865, encodeId=a14d1803865e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3806e605198' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理病例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76051, encryptionId=3806e605198, topicName=管理病例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f49517, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Tue Aug 21 16:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334486, encodeId=3ddb33448606, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Fri Jul 27 08:19:02 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275411, encodeId=93e312e54110c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a39406551e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#围术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40655, encryptionId=6a39406551e, topicName=围术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5fca128, createdName=licz0423, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 08:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1355281, encodeId=5ce0135528136, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=256a96e9990' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#镇痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96799, encryptionId=256a96e9990, topicName=镇痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 08:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332969, encodeId=cc6e33296906, content=为什么要术前30分钟停右美?是指南?输右美随时可唤醒。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=444b1718665, createdName=QQ047a06da, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:53:48 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332968, encodeId=daf93329689f, content=出血较多不准确,出了多少毫升?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=444b1718665, createdName=QQ047a06da, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:50:45 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332965, encodeId=e5f3332965e8, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:49:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-20 QQ047a06da

    为什么要术前30分钟停右美?是指南?输右美随时可唤醒。

    0

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    2018-07-20 QQ047a06da

    出血较多不准确,出了多少毫升?

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1803865, encodeId=a14d1803865e3, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=3806e605198' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#管理病例#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=76051, encryptionId=3806e605198, topicName=管理病例)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f49517, createdName=xinmeili, createdTime=Tue Aug 21 16:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=334486, encodeId=3ddb33448606, content=好文章学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=b5a62240667, createdName=张新亮1853311252142e2fm, createdTime=Fri Jul 27 08:19:02 CST 2018, time=2018-07-27, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1275411, encodeId=93e312e54110c, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=6a39406551e' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#围术期#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=40655, encryptionId=6a39406551e, topicName=围术期)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5fca128, createdName=licz0423, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 08:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1355281, encodeId=5ce0135528136, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=256a96e9990' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#镇痛#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=35, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=96799, encryptionId=256a96e9990, topicName=镇痛)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=4c37265, createdName=zhaojie88, createdTime=Sun Jul 22 08:39:00 CST 2018, time=2018-07-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332969, encodeId=cc6e33296906, content=为什么要术前30分钟停右美?是指南?输右美随时可唤醒。, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=70, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=444b1718665, createdName=QQ047a06da, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:53:48 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332968, encodeId=daf93329689f, content=出血较多不准确,出了多少毫升?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=66, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=444b1718665, createdName=QQ047a06da, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:50:45 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=332965, encodeId=e5f3332965e8, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=82311653708, createdName=医者仁心5538, createdTime=Fri Jul 20 20:49:19 CST 2018, time=2018-07-20, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-07-20 医者仁心5538

    学习了

    0

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