Int J Cancer:要想预防癌症,先从放下酒杯做起!

2022-02-07 中国生物技术网 中国生物技术网

喝酒在上呼吸消化道癌症病因学中的因果作用,这种作用在遗传性低酒精耐受性个体中会加剧,该研究加强了为预防癌症而降低人群酒精消费水平的必要性。

一转眼,今天就要上班了,虽然有很多不舍,但至少有一件事值得欣慰:连续胡吃海塞、觥筹交错的日子可以告一段落了。毕竟,这些表面看似Happy的行为,对身体造成的伤害是难以想象的。

在之前的文章中,我们已经知道由于肠道具有非凡的可塑性,所以它会配合食物量的摄入变长或缩短。因此,你吃得越多,它长得越长,助你吃成大胖子。少吃一些其实对身体是有益的。

我们再来说说“觥筹交错”。尽管它是气氛组的必选节目,但关于酒精致癌这件事已是不争的事实。世界卫生组织国际癌症研究机构(IARC)早在2007年就已将酒精列为I类致癌物。因为,已有足够的证据表明饮酒与头颈部癌、食道癌、肝癌、结直肠癌乳腺癌的发生存在直接联系。但此前的大量研究多集中在西方人群,以及可能还存在一些导致结果的混杂因素,因此,迫切需要来自中国人群的相关研究。

据报道,近几十年来,中国男性的饮酒量一直在增加,同时,中国男性也是癌症总负担的主要贡献群体。已知在中国和其他东亚人群中,两种常见的遗传变异乙醛脱氢酶2(ALDH2)和乙醇脱氢酶1B(ADH1B)会降低酒精耐受性,并且与较低的酒精摄入量密切相关,它们还会导致“脸红”效应。

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这些突变都破坏了参与酒精解毒酶的功能,导致有毒化合物乙醛(I类致癌物)在血液中积聚。由于这些等位基因是在出生时分配的,并且独立于其他生活方式因素(如吸烟和饮食),因此它们可以用作酒精摄入量的替代参数,以评估饮酒如何影响癌症发病率。

近日,发表在肿瘤学领域顶刊International Journal of Cancer上的一项针对中国成年人群的大型遗传研究中,来自英国牛津大学、北京大学和苏州疾控中心的联合研究团队再次证实,酒精会直接导致癌症。

图片

研究成果(International Journal of Cancer)

在这项大规模研究中,研究人员调查了中国嘉道理生物样本库(CKB)中150722名41至63岁参与者(约6万名男性和9万名女性)的DNA样本,并测量了ALDH2和ADH1B的低酒精耐受性等位基因出现的频率,然后将这些数据与参与者在招募时和后续随访时提供的饮酒习惯问卷相结合。

由于中国女性饮酒者所占比例只有2%,因此,主要研究对象集中在男性参与者中。其中三分之一的男性报告经常饮酒(过去一年中的大部分时间都会饮酒)。在平均11年的随访期间,4509名(7.4%)男性患上癌症。

研究人员通过进一步分析发现:
在这些中国人群中,ALDH2和ADH1B的低酒精耐受性等位基因出现频率分别为21%和69%。相比之下,欧洲人群中这一比例分别为<0.01%和4%左右。
在男性群体中,低酒精耐受性等位基因与饮酒频率和平均酒精摄入量的减少密切相关。
对于携带两个ALDH2低酒精耐受性等位基因拷贝且饮酒量非常少的男性而言,患任何类型癌症的风险降低了14%,患头颈部癌症、食道癌、结直肠癌和肝癌的风险降低31%。
对于携带一个ALDH2低酒精耐受性等位基因拷贝且经常饮酒的男性而言,患头颈癌和食管癌的风险显著升高。

图片

携带ALDH2低酒精耐受性等位基因拷贝与患癌风险之间的关联(International Journal of Cancer)

此外,对于那些从不喝酒或偶尔喝酒的人,携带一个ALDH2低酒精耐受性等位基因拷贝与癌症风险增加之间整体上没有关联。研究人员调整了其他癌症风险因素(如吸烟、饮食、体育活动、体重和癌症家族史)后,结果保持不变。

携带ALDH2低酒精耐受性基因变体且仍经常饮酒的男性患癌症风险显著增加,这表明乙醛的大量积累会直接增加癌症风险。

研究共同通讯作者、牛津大学人口健康中心的首席研究员林佩琪博士说:“这些发现表明,酒精会直接导致几种癌症,并且在无法正常代谢酒精的遗传性低酒精耐受性人群中,这些风险可能会进一步增加。”

总之,这些发现支持喝酒在上呼吸消化道癌症病因学中的因果作用,这种作用在遗传性低酒精耐受性个体中会加剧。该研究加强了为预防癌症而降低人群酒精消费水平的必要性,特别是在中国,尽管部分人群对酒精的耐受性较低,但酒精消费量仍在增加。

因此,要想预防癌症,先从放下酒杯做起。

参考资料:

[1]Im PK, Yang L, Kartsonaki C, et al. Alcohol metabolism genes and risks of site-specific cancers in Chinese adults: An 11-year prospective study. Int J Cancer. 2022 Jan 20. doi: 10.1002/ijc.33917. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 35048370.

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    2022-02-15 yx1156

    少酒、戒酒,利于健康,需要大力宣传!

    0

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    2022-02-10 ms5000000518166734

    学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习学习

    0

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    2022-02-09 医者仁者

    酒是一类致癌物了

    0

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    2022-02-09 竹子0822

    学习一下,嘿嘿

    0

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    2022-02-09 jeanqiuqiu
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    2022-02-08 ms3000000637975859

    好知识,值得一读

    0

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    2022-02-08 查查佳佳

    2022临床大数据分析系列课程报名表

    0

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