免疫检查点与自身免疫性疾病

2021-08-20 小药说药 BiG生物创新社

— 前言 —

— 前言 —
 
调节免疫系统具有多种复杂的机制,以实现和维持免疫耐受,而自身免疫性疾病如1型糖尿病(T1D)、多发性硬化症(MS)、类风湿性关节炎(RA)等,都是免疫耐受失败的结果。
有助于保持免疫耐受的机制之一是免疫检查点(ICP)。在过去20多年中,广泛的研究已经证明了ICP对免疫耐受的重要性。
加强免疫检查点CTLA-4的融合蛋白Abatacept(Orencia®),已被批准用于治疗成人类风湿关节炎,更多以ICPs为靶点治疗自身免疫性疾病的药物也正在开发中。
1.常见免疫检查点的机制
来源参考文献1 
PD-1
主要在T细胞、B细胞、树突状细胞(DCs)和巨噬细胞活化后表达。PD-1具有两个配体PD-L1和PD-L2。
PD-1的激活抑制了T细胞的增殖、细胞因子分泌和细胞毒性;
巨噬细胞表达PD-1的升高导致IL-10水平升高,降低血液中IL-12水平;
最后,PD-1阳性APCs在促进CD4-T细胞向T调节细胞(Tregs)分化方面的能力弱于PD-1阴性APCs。
CTLA-4
一种主要表达在DCs和活化T细胞上的ICP受体,包括记忆T细胞和Tregs。它有两个配体(B7-1)和CD86(B7-2),主要表达在APCs上。CTLA-4通过与CD28竞争获得CD80和CD86,从而执行其免疫抑制功能,导致T细胞增殖和细胞因子分泌减弱。
BTLA
属于CD28家族,主要表达在活化T细胞上,也表达在静止B细胞、成熟DC和自然杀伤细胞(NK)细胞。BTLA配体是疱疹病毒侵入介质(HVEM),表达于静止T细胞、巨噬细胞和未成熟DC细胞。
BTLA与HVEM的结合对免疫刺激的影响减弱,这种作用还抑制了T细胞增殖和B细胞的活化,减少CD8+DC的数量,减少TNF-α,IFN-γ, IL-2和IL-4等细胞因子的分泌。
 
其它免疫检查点还包括TIGIT,VISTA,TIM-3,LAG-3,CD200R表达细胞与配体见下表。
2.ICP靶向治疗自身免疫性疾病的研究进展
可溶性ICP配体和受体
最成功的可溶性ICP受体药物是Abatacept,Abatacept是一种融合蛋白,由人CTLA-4胞外区和人IgG1的FC融合组成。
与CD28相比,Abatacept与CD80和CD86有更强的亲和力,通过竞争CD80和CD86,抑制CD28介导的刺激信号。

来源参考文献1

2006年,Abatacept首次批准用于治疗RA,在接受Abatacept治疗的患者中,6个月后达到ACR50的占21.8%;相比之下,安慰剂治疗的患者中只有3.8%达到ACR50。

2011年,Abatacept的衍生物Belatacept也被批准用作肾移植的免疫抑制剂。

除Abatacept外,其他PD-L1-Fc融合也有报道。在各种自身免疫性疾病模型中,包括实验性自身免疫性肾小球肾炎和狼疮,证明了这种融合蛋白的有效性。

根据组织学评估,PD-L1-Fc可显著降低狼疮小鼠模型的自身抗体产生和肾小管蛋白沉积,PD-L1-Fc的治疗将治疗小鼠的存活期从平均45周延长到60周,当预防性地使用PD-L1-Fc时,它完全防止了蛋白尿。

TIGIT-Fc融合蛋白是另一个可溶性受体的例子,在小鼠急性GVHD模型中,TIGIT-Fc治疗使存活率从~5%提高到~30%。

还有人探索将细胞因子加入到由ICP配体和Fc组成的融合蛋白中,一种免疫抑制蛋白,包括CD200、Fc和TGF-β,使脾脏中Tregs的比例从3%提高到10%以上。

病毒蛋白
一些病毒蛋白具有与ICP受体或配体相似的生物学功能,UL144是一种巨细胞病毒蛋白,与HVEM同源,而HVEM是BTLA的配体。
UL144可用于激活BTLA,其在抑制T细胞增殖和活化的活性方面大约是HVEM的三倍。此外,HVEM的四突变体,即S58R、G68T、L70W和L90A,不仅具有与UL144一样的结合选择性,而且与野生型相比对BTLA的亲和力提高了10倍。
该突变体对B细胞和NK细胞SHP-1敏感的I型干扰素信号通路有明显的抑制作用,有效抑制TCR介导的抗原信号转导。
来源参考文献1
单克隆抗体
ICP的抑制性抗体已广泛应用于癌症的免疫治疗,而ICP的激动剂抗体可以增强免疫调节。
在抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体相关血管炎(AAV)模型中,发现抗BTLA激动剂抗体可以抑制T细胞增殖达32%,抑制IL-17A分泌达30%。值得一提的是,IL-17A是AAV发病机制中的关键驱动因素。

来源参考文献1

 人源化抗LAG-3激动剂抗体IMP761对结核菌素诱导的食蟹猴迟发型超敏反应模型具有免疫抑制作用。

IMP761使DTH部位炎性T细胞浸润减少至对照水平的三分之一。在体外,IMP761降低了自身抗原诱导的T细胞的增殖和活化,平均抑制率为50%。

ICP激动剂抗体的免疫抑制作用也在移植物抗宿主病(GVHD)和哮喘模型中得到证实。

研究表明,抗VISTA激动剂抗体的治疗显著延长了GVHD模型小鼠的存活时间,接受治疗的小鼠能够活18个月,没有GVHD、感染或癌症的迹象。当用抗VISTA抗体治疗OVA诱导的小鼠哮喘时,这些小鼠支气管肺泡灌洗液中嗜酸性粒细胞的积聚减少到未治疗对照水平的三分之一。

基因治疗
携带BTLA编码基因的质粒被用于治疗疱疹性基质性角膜炎。
根据免疫组织学分析,这种治疗使CD4+T细胞向感染角膜的浸润减少了一半,最终,BTLA质粒治疗降低了角膜病变的发生率和严重程度(临床评分从~4降至<1,甚至0)。
来源参考文献1
另外一种PD-L1腺病毒在胰岛移植模型中用糖尿病小鼠进行了检测,病毒治疗导致小鼠体内可溶性PD-L1的高水平存在至少28天,使胰岛移植物的存活时间从平均8天延长到28天。
此外,该治疗降低了血糖水平(从>20.0 mmol/L降至<11.1 mmol/L),这是该治疗有助于保护胰岛移植物的另一个指标。
细胞治疗
同时表达PD-L1和髓鞘少突胶质细胞糖蛋白衍生抗原肽(MOG,p35-55)的DC细胞用于治疗实验性变态反应性脑脊髓炎(EAE),与对照相比,接受这些双表达DC细胞移植的小鼠的EAE严重程度显著降低。
除了DCs,其他类型的细胞也被设计和利用来改善自身免疫疾病。胰腺β细胞被工程化表达抗CTLA-4单链抗体,在转基因NOD小鼠中,WT小鼠糖尿病发病率为59%,而CTLA-4表达胰腺β 细胞的NOD小鼠的糖尿病发病率仅为7.4%。

来源参考文献1

去除ICP受体阳性免疫细胞

GSK-2831781(IMP731)是一款靶向LAG3的人源化IgG1单体,通过Fc岩藻糖基化修饰增强了ADCC活性,降低LAG-3表达的活化T细胞数量。

虽然GSK已经终止了GSK2831781针对活动性溃疡性肠炎的II期临床研究项目,但其仍在开展进一步的疗效、安全性和生物学机制评估,以确定GSK2831781的下一步临床开发计划。

此外,GSK也在开发GSK2831781的银屑病适应症,目前处于I期阶段。

ICP自身免疫治疗的安全性

治疗自身免疫性疾病,原则上应发挥免疫抑制作用。通常,这种抑制不仅发生在自身免疫上,也发生在健康的免疫上,可能导致免疫缺陷和不良副作用。

然而,根据已有ICP疗法的报道数据,这些疗法似乎没有严重的副作用,Abatacept已经在临床上被证明是安全的,GSK-2831781在1期临床实验的的数据也显示了良好的安全性(NCT03965533和NCT02195349)

以ICPs为靶点的实验性治疗显示出相对温和且可接受的副作用,本文中所描述的各种治疗方法均未出现严重副作用。

小结

总的来说,ICP靶向的自身免疫性疾病疗法的发展仍处于起步阶段,批准用于临床的药物较少,已发表的研究也较少。

这种情况可归因于多方面的因素:在癌症治疗发展方面的更大研究努力和投入、发展癌症治疗的紧迫性、对自身免疫性疾病治疗更高安全性的要求等等。

然而,这也为探索ICPs作为自身免疫疾病治疗靶点提供了更广阔的视野和发展空间。

鉴于ICP作为治疗靶点在自身免疫疾病方面的潜力,有理由相信ICPs疗法在未来会取得更多的成功,有望成为自身免疫性疾病治疗的一个新的方向。

参考文献:

1、Immune Checkpoints, a Novel Class of Therapeutic Targets for Autoimmune Diseases. Front Immunol. 2021; 12: 645699.

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    2021-09-02 ms5840089438334191

    学习最新知识,感谢

    0

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    2021-08-21 春江水暖

    真好

    0