JAMA Oncol:HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者可以使用免疫检查点抑制剂吗?

2019-02-24 肿瘤资讯编辑部 肿瘤资讯

艾滋病又称为获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS),人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)主要攻击人体的免疫系统。随着高活性抗病毒治疗药物的问世, HIV感染者死于AIDS相关疾病的几率越来越低,但是由于免疫系统的缺陷这部分患者各类疾病的易感性更高,包括肿瘤。免疫检查点抑制剂已经在多个瘤种、大量患者中取得较好的疗效,但其是否适用于HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者呢?近期发布在JAMA Oncology杂志的一项荟萃分析,回

艾滋病又称为获得性免疫缺陷综合征(AIDS),人类免疫缺陷病毒(HIV)主要攻击人体的免疫系统。随着高活性抗病毒治疗药物的问世, HIV感染者死于AIDS相关疾病的几率越来越低,但是由于免疫系统的缺陷这部分患者各类疾病的易感性更高,包括肿瘤。免疫检查点抑制剂已经在多个瘤种、大量患者中取得较好的疗效,但其是否适用于HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者呢?近期发布在JAMA Oncology杂志的一项荟萃分析,回顾了HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者,接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的疗效和安全性。

研究背景

随着高活性抗病毒治疗药物的问世,HIV感染者死于AIDS相关疾病的几率越来越低。然而,HIV感染者仍有很高的风险罹患癌症和非AIDS相关恶性肿瘤,如肺癌、肛门癌、霍奇金淋巴瘤、口腔癌或喉癌,这些肿瘤已经成为HIV感染患者的主要死亡原因之一。在HIV感染者中,因为药物之间的交互作用和细胞毒性抗肿瘤药物的免疫抑制特性,传统的抗肿瘤细胞毒药物具有一定的局限性。

目前,免疫检查点抑制剂已经成为一些转移性肿瘤的主要治疗方式,然而,既往的临床试验多排除了HIV感染者。因此,在这类患者中,关于免疫检查点抑制剂的临床试验数据非常稀少。本研究是一项系统性荟萃分析,旨在评估免疫治疗用于HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者的疗效和安全性。

研究方法

研究者系统性检索了2018年4月16日之前的文献,使用以下检索词来发现所有报道免疫检查点抑制剂用于HIV感染患者的安全性和疗效:HIV,ipilimumab,nivolumab,pembrolizumab,avelumab,atezolizumab和durvalumab。共检索出49篇文献。纳入标准为HIV感染者接受免疫检查点抑制剂作为晚期抗肿瘤治疗方案。排除标准为误诊(即未诊断为肿瘤)、未包括HIV感染的患者和未评估免疫检查点抑制剂治疗。在初次检索到的49篇文章中,共发现13篇文章符合HIV感染者接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的标准,见下图所示。此外,研究者还回顾了2016-2018年的ASCO、AACR、SITC等大会摘要,共发现5篇相关摘要,纳入了其中符合要求的4篇。



图1. 文献检索流程图

研究结果

从11个病例报道和2个回顾性病例分析中,共发现40例HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗;4个会议摘要中共发现33例患者,其中1个会议摘要为正在进行的临床试验,其余的3个为回顾性病例分析。患者的临床特征总结见下表1。73例患者中,66例(90.4%)为男性,患者的平均年龄为56.1岁(范围:30-77岁)。最常见的肿瘤类型为非小细胞肺癌(25/73;34.2%),其次为黑色素瘤(16/73;21.9%)和卡波氏肉瘤(9/70;12.3%)。73例患者中,62例(84.9%)接受抗PD-1单抗治疗,6例(8.2%)接受抗CTLA-4单抗治疗,4例(5.5%)接受抗PD-1联合抗CTLA-4单抗联合治疗,1例接受依匹木单抗序贯纳武利尤单抗治疗。73例患者中,69例(95%)患者在开始免疫检查点抑制剂治疗时接受抗病毒治疗。其中37例的基线病毒负荷已知,31例(83.8%)不能检测到病毒负荷。

表1. 73例HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者的临床特征



安全性分析:免疫检查点抑制剂的总体耐受性良好,下表2总结了纳入5例或以上患者的研究。3级或以上的免疫相关不良事件包括胰岛素依赖型糖尿病、结肠炎、肌炎和肝炎,70例患者中共观察到6例(9%),这6例患者中,4例(67%)接受ipilimumab治疗。所有的研究均未报道在免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间出现免疫活性炎症综合症。1例患者在接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗前出现隐性梅毒和卡波氏肉瘤,未影响治疗。3例患者合并慢性肝炎感染,在接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后均未发现肝功能的任何改变。

表2. 晚期肿瘤患者接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗的相关研究



73例患者中,34例(47%)患者有治疗前后的HIV病毒负荷;28例基线时未检测到HIV负荷的患者,2例(7%)患者治疗后的HIV病毒负荷可检测到。6例可检测到HIV负荷的患者,5例患者的病毒负荷下降,这5例患者中,4例患者在接受免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后,未能再检测到HIV负荷:1例患者在开始免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后开始抗病毒治疗,1例患者在免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间未改变抗病毒治疗方案,2例患者在免疫检查点抑制剂治疗期间的抗病毒治疗方案不详。这一结果与帕博利珠单抗正在进行的临床试验的初步结果相似,在帕博利珠单抗治疗复发或耐药的恶性肿瘤伴HIV感染患者中,显示抗PD-1单抗治疗期间HIV表现为抑制状态。

73例患者中,25例患者记录到治疗前后到CD4细胞计数变化。在这25例患者中,14例(56%)患者在开始免疫检查点抑制剂治疗后,表现为CD4细胞计数增加,11例(11%)表现为CD4细胞计数减少。CD4计数到平均变化为12.3/uL。

抗肿瘤活性:在45例有疗效评价的患者中,大多数既往接受过系统性抗肿瘤治疗。23例接受帕博利珠单抗或纳武利尤单抗治疗的非小细胞肺癌患者,7例(30%)观察到疗效;11例黑色素瘤患者,3例(27%)观察到疗效;8例卡波氏肉瘤患者,5例(63%)观察到疗效,总结见下表3,这些结果提示,免疫检查点抑制剂在HIV感染患者中有抗肿瘤活性。 

表3. 不同疾病类型患者的客观缓解率



表4. HIV感染的晚期癌症患者中正在进行的免疫检查点抑制剂的相关临床研究



结论和讨论

基于这一荟萃分析的结果,在缺乏确定的前瞻性研究数据的情况下,免疫检查点抑制剂可以作为HIV感染的晚期肿瘤患者的有效治疗选择。后续有必要进行前瞻性的研究来明确免疫检查点抑制剂用于HIV感染的晚期癌症患者的抗病毒疗效。

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    2019-08-05 minlingfeng
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    2019-06-08 jklm09
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    2019-02-24 我是连医生

    Hiv患者本身免疫缺陷,反过来说,免疫检查点抑制剂对于治疗hiv患者有没有帮助呢?

    0

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