胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂研究进展

2016-07-27 佚名 中国医学前沿杂志(电子版)》-2016年

2015年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)估计全球20~79岁成人2型糖尿病患者例数达到了令人震惊的4.15亿,我国2型糖尿病患者例数已达1.1亿,居世界首位。在糖尿病治疗的探索过程中,UKPDS、DCCT、STENO-2等大型研究均给予我们如下启示:强化降糖可长期控制患者血糖水平,降低患者大血管、微血管并发症和糖尿病相关终点事件的发生风险。然而,现实情况却不容乐观,研究显示目前我国糖尿病患者血糖达标

2015年国际糖尿病联盟(IDF)估计全球20~79岁成人2型糖尿病患者例数达到了令人震惊的4.15亿,我国2型糖尿病患者例数已达1.1亿,居世界首位。在糖尿病治疗的探索过程中,UKPDS、DCCT、STENO-2等大型研究均给予我们如下启示:强化降糖可长期控制患者血糖水平,降低患者大血管、微血管并发症和糖尿病相关终点事件的发生风险。然而,现实情况却不容乐观,研究显示目前我国糖尿病患者血糖达标率尚不足45%。因此,采用更合理的治疗方案实现患者血糖达标十分必要。

目前,我国已上市的降糖药物种类约有10种,其中包括新型降糖药物二肽基肽酶-4(DPP-4)抑制剂、胰高血糖素样肽-1(GLP-1)受体激动剂、钠-葡萄糖协同转运蛋白2(SGLT2)抑制剂等。随着GLP-1受体激动剂的临床应用不断增加,其循证医学证据也日益充分。本文就此类药物的研发现状、作用机制、疗效以及其他相关内容进行综述,以期为其临床应用带来启示和帮助。

1、GLP-1受体激动剂的研发现状

20世纪60年代,Elrick等发现口服葡萄糖对胰岛素分泌的促进作用明显高于静脉注射,这种额外效应被称为“肠促胰素效应”。1986~1987年,Drueker和Orskov等分别在对哺乳动物胰高糖素原基因的克隆和序列测定过程中发现了可以刺激胰岛素释放的肠促胰素——GLP-1。GLP-1受体激动剂通过模拟天然GLP-1激活GLP-1受体而发挥作用,且不易被DPP-4快速降解,延长了半衰期,增加了活性GLP-1在体内的浓度。

目前,在国外上市的GLP-1受体激动剂包括艾塞那肽、利西拉来、利拉鲁肽、阿必鲁肽和杜拉鲁肽等。他司鲁肽是具有特殊分子结构的GLP-1受体激动剂,曾被认为具有更好的稳定性和更长的药效作用时间,降低糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)作用强。但2010年9月,由于该药出现较多的胃肠道不良反应和超敏反应,故于2011年2月终止研发。IDegLira、Semaglutide、ITCA650和LAEx4等GLP-1受体激动剂目前正处于Ⅲ期临床试验中,还有数十种该类药物处于研发阶段。在我国上市的GLP-1受体激动剂包括艾塞那肽(每日注射2次)和利拉鲁肽(每日注射1次)。

2、GLP-1受体激动剂的降糖作用机制

2.1  葡萄糖依赖性促胰岛素分泌    

GLP-1受体激动剂与胰腺β细胞的GLP-1受体结合后,可使葡萄糖依赖性地刺激胰岛素分泌,还可在翻译水平使葡萄糖诱导的胰岛素生物合成增加,从而维持β细胞胰岛素的储存和分泌能力。

2.2  减少内源性葡萄糖生成    

GLP-1受体激动剂可减少内源性葡萄糖生成。一种可能的机制是GLP-1对细胞的直接作用,在不同血糖浓度下使α细胞对葡萄糖更敏感,同时减少胰高血糖素释放。由于胰高血糖素可刺激肝糖原生成,而减少胰高血糖素释放可减少肝糖原生成,从而降低胰岛素的需求量并改善远期血糖控制。此外,GLP-1受体激动剂可通过与中枢神经系统GLP-1受体结合调节外周葡萄糖代谢。

2.3  调节食物摄入量和能量消耗     

动物实验结果显示,GLP-1受体激动剂可作用于中枢神经系统GLP-1受体,进而减少食物摄入,并通过促进灰色脂肪组织的生热作用和白色脂肪组织分解增加能量消耗。一项为期1年的研究发现,在使用GLP-1受体激动剂治疗的糖尿病患者中可观察到能量消耗的增加。然而,近期动物实验数据显示,在GLP-1受体激动剂的长期治疗中,这些作用机制可能不会对体重的降低具有显著作用。

2.4   延迟胃排空      

GLP-1受体激动剂抑制五肽促胃液素、胃排空和进餐刺激的胃酸分泌。这种抑制作用均通过作用于迷走神经以及中枢神经系统和(或)迷走神经传入纤维上的GLP-1受体延迟感觉信息传入脑干实现的。延迟胃排空可降低葡萄糖吸收速度及餐后血糖水平。与长效GLP-1受体激动剂相比,速效GLP-1受体激动剂的胃排空作用更强,因此可更好地降低餐后血糖水平。鉴于此类药物的胃排空作用,胃潴留患者应慎用。

3、GLP-1受体激动剂的药代动力学

虽然GLP-1受体激动剂均具有内源性GLP-1活性,但不同激动剂的药代动力学存在异质性。艾塞那肽和利西拉来属于短效GLP-1受体激动剂,最初由希拉毒蜥的唾液中分离而来。另一类利拉鲁肽、阿必鲁肽和杜拉鲁肽等属于长效人GLP-1受体激动剂,通过对人GLP-1分子结构局部修饰加工而成;艾塞那肽也有长效制剂,每周注射1次。

短效GLP-1受体激动剂具有相对较短的半衰期,可保持GLP-1活性约6小时,具有强效的降低餐后血糖水平的作用,而降低空腹血糖水平和促进空腹胰岛素分泌的能力较弱,主要因其夜间药物浓度下降所致。艾塞那肽血药浓度可维持4~6小时,终末半衰期为2.4小时;利西拉来在使用后1~2小时达到峰值浓度,半衰期为2~4小时。2012年1月27日,美国Amylin公司宣布其研发的长效艾塞那肽缓释剂型——Bydureon只需1周注射1次,已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)批准用于临床。

长效GLP-1受体激动剂具有持续的、超生理的GLP-1受体激活作用。这种持续作用在带来更好的空腹血糖控制水平的同时,能够维持餐后血糖水平的降低效应,更好地降低HbA1c水平,但长效GLP-1受体激动剂对餐后血糖的降低幅度较短效GLP-1受体激动剂小。此外,与短效GLP-1受体激动剂相比,长效GLP-1受体激动剂对胃动力影响较小,尤其是长期治疗时。利拉鲁肽生物半衰期达11~15小时,皮下注射后12小时血浆浓度达到高峰,可维持40~50小时。阿必鲁肽达峰时间为3~5天,在人体内的平均生物半衰期可达5天。杜拉鲁肽注射后12~72小时达到峰值浓度,平均生物半衰期约为4天。

4、GLP-1受体激动剂的临床疗效

GLP-1受体激动剂可长期有效地降低HbA1c水平。单药研究结果显示,与安慰剂比较,GLP-1受体激动剂可使HbA1c水平降低0.5%~1.0%。Tanaka等进行的为期24周的临床试验发现,利拉鲁肽治疗组患者的HbA1c水平降低效果非劣效于二甲双胍治疗组(-0.95%︰-0.80%),同时利拉鲁肽治疗组患者的HbA1c水平下降速度更快。LEAD-3研究中,对于新诊断的2型糖尿病患者,利拉鲁肽单药治疗较格列美脲可更有效地控制血糖水平;治疗52周后,格列美脲组、利拉鲁肽1.2mg组和利拉鲁肽1.8mg组患者HbA1c水平分别降低0.51%、0.84%(P=0.0014)和1.14%(P<0.0001)。

在一项为期24周的双盲、安慰剂对照研究中,将生活方式控制不佳的2型糖尿病患者分为三组,分别给予艾塞那肽10μg、艾塞那肽5μg和安慰剂治疗。研究结束时,三组患者HbA1c水平较基线变化值分别为(-0.9±0.1)%(、-0.7±0.1)%和(+0.2±0.1)%(P<0.001)。在为期5年的DURATION-1研究中,既往使用每日2次艾塞那肽10μg治疗的患者改用每周1次艾塞那肽2mg治疗后,HbA1c水平较基线持续显著下降(-1.6%︰-1.9%),43.9%的患者HbA1c<7.0%,空腹血糖水平也显著降低1.6mmol/L。在联合治疗研究中,与安慰剂比较,GLP-1受体激动剂联合二甲双胍、磺脲类药物和噻唑烷二酮类药物分别使HbA1c水平降低0.5%~1.1%、0.6%~1.4%和0.8%~1.1%。

Pratley等头对头比较了二甲双胍治疗不佳的2型糖尿病患者加用利拉鲁肽1.2mg或1.8mg与DPP-4抑制剂(西格列汀)的疗效和安全性。治疗52周后结果显示,利拉鲁肽治疗组患者HbA1c<7.0%的达标率显著高于西格列汀治疗组。一项为期52周的开放标签、平行分组临床试验纳入了既往使用其他口服降糖药物(格列奈类药物、二甲双胍、α-糖苷酶抑制剂或噻唑烷二酮类药物)治疗血糖水平控制不佳的患者,分别接受利拉鲁肽联合治疗或其他降糖药物联合治疗。研究结果显示,利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c水平和空腹血糖水平较对照组均显著降低(P=0.0026,P=0.0458)。

在LEAD-1研究中,2型糖尿病患者分别使用利拉鲁肽、罗格列酮或安慰剂联合格列美脲治疗,治疗26周后结果显示,利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c、空腹血糖和餐后血糖水平降低幅度均显著优于罗格列酮组及安慰剂组。在LEAD-2研究中,患者在使用二甲双胍治疗的基础上联合利拉鲁肽、格列美脲或安慰剂治疗,治疗26周后利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c、空腹血糖和餐后血糖水平较安慰剂组均显著降低,与格列美脲组相当。继续治疗2年后,虽然利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c水平与格列美脲组比较无显著差异,但HbA1c达标患者更多。LEAD-5研究中2型糖尿病患者在应用二甲双胍和格列美脲的基础上分别加用利拉鲁肽、安慰剂或甘精胰岛素治疗,结果显示,利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c水平较甘精胰岛素组显著降低(1.3%︰1.9%,P=0.0015),同时利拉鲁肽组患者HbA1c达标率更高(利拉鲁肽组:HbA1c<7.0%者为52%,HbA1c<6.5%者为36%;甘精胰岛素组:HbA1c<7.0%者为44%,HbA1c<6.5%者为23%)。

一项在5个国家59个中心进行的为期30周的研究结果显示,与安慰剂联合基础胰岛素组比较,每日2次艾塞那肽10μg联合基础胰岛素治疗可显著降低患者HbA1c水平(-1.74%︰-1.04%,P<0.001),减少胰岛素用量的同时不增加低血糖发生风险。

5、GLP-1受体激动剂的不良反应及处理策略

GLP-1受体激动剂的一般不良反应包括胃肠道反应和低血糖反应。胃肠道反应是GLP-1受体激动剂最常见的不良反应,包括恶心、呕吐、便秘、腹泻等,多为轻、中度。胃肠道不良反应与剂量存在量-效关系,恶心、呕吐发生率及严重程度随治疗的继续和时间的推移逐渐下降。GLP-1受体激动剂首次使用时可采取低剂量起始、逐渐增加剂量的方式。对于胃肠道反应严重的患者,建议暂时减量或暂缓用药。建议餐前使用艾塞那肽,如漏服,应于下一餐前再恢复用药。GLP-1促胰岛素分泌和抑制胰高血糖素分泌呈血糖依赖性,当血糖水平低于4~5mmol/L时,GLP-1的上述两种作用均受到抑制,因使用GLP-1受体激动剂很少发生低血糖反应。老年患者应用GLP-1受体激动剂或与磺脲类药物联合用药时,应注意监测血糖水平,并及时调整用药方案。

GLP-1受体激动剂的特殊不良反应包括胰腺炎、甲状腺髓样癌、肾功能损害及皮疹等。有少数使用艾塞那肽和利拉鲁肽引起急性胰腺炎病例的报道,应在用药前告知患者急性胰腺炎的特征性症状;如怀疑发生了胰腺炎,应立即停用。艾塞那肽罕见有肾功能改变的报道,不推荐艾塞那肽用于终末期肾病或严重肾功能不全(肌酐清除率<30ml/min)患者;利拉鲁肽使用经验有限,不推荐将利拉鲁肽用于终末期肾病患者。利拉鲁肽不得用于有甲状腺髓样癌既往史或家族史的患者以及2型多发性内分泌肿瘤综合征患者。此外,GLP-1受体激动剂禁用于对该类产品活性成分或任何其他辅料过敏者。

6、GLP-1受体激动剂的降糖外作用

6.1  对体重的影响      

GLP-1受体激动剂可通过延迟胃排空及抑制食欲等作用,使肥胖及超重患者体重减轻。研究显示,除阿必鲁肽外,GLP-1受体激动剂可使糖尿病患者的体重在半年内减轻1~3kg。一项为期6个月的安慰剂对照临床研究结果显示,艾塞那肽治疗较安慰剂治疗可显著降低健康或伴糖耐量异常的肥胖患者体重([5.1±0.5)kg︰(1.6±0.5)kg]。

LEAD系列研究表明,无论单药或联合用药,利拉鲁肽1.8mg均可显著降低患者体重;LEAD-2研究中,1/4的患者平均体重减轻达7.7kg。一项为期3年的真实世界研究中,经利拉鲁肽治疗的糖尿病患者体重较基线显著降低[(-3.9±0.8)kg,P<0.0001]。在一项纳入体质指数(BMI)为30~40kg/m2肥胖患者的研究中,每日2.4/3.0mg利拉鲁肽的减重效果显著优于奥利司他和安慰剂(6.3/7.2kg︰4.1kg︰2.8kg),其中使用利拉鲁肽3.0mg/d的患者治疗2年后体重减轻达10.3kg。2015年12月23日,FDA批准降糖药物利拉鲁肽(商品名:Saxenda®)作为长期减肥药物上市。
 
6.2  对脂肪肝的影响      

GLP-1受体激动剂可通过抑制食欲、降低体重、直接或间接地改善胰岛素抵抗而改善脂肪肝。一篇文献对一项随机对照临床试验和一项动物实验结果进行了综合分析,结果显示,艾塞那肽可降低2型糖尿病患者和饮食诱导的肥胖大鼠的成纤维细胞生长因子21水平,减少肝脏脂肪,同时增加肝脏单磷酸腺苷活化蛋白激酶和乙酰辅酶A羧化酶(肝内改善成纤维细胞生长因子21抵抗的可能信号分子)的磷酸化。同时,一项纳入82例非酒精性脂肪性肝病合并2型糖尿病患者的临床对照研究结果显示,利拉鲁肽可改善患者肝脏炎症状态,逆转肝脏纤维化。

6.3  对心血管的影响     

多项实验室研究证实了GLP-1受体激动剂具有降低血压、改善血脂、改善内皮细胞功能及心肌功能等心血管获益作用。一项研究发现,心肌梗死患者使用GLP-1受体激动剂持续治疗72小时可改善左心室功能、降低住院率和病死率,且独立于心肌梗死部位或糖尿病病史。Lønborg等研究发现,对于ST段抬高型心肌梗死行经皮冠状动脉介入治疗的患者,GLP-1受体激动剂静脉低剂量滴注可提高其心肌细胞存活率,同时减少梗死面积。目前,EXSCEL、REWIND、LEADER、ELIXA等多项验证GLP-1受体激动剂对心血管影响的大型临床研究正在进行中。

6.4  其他作用      

研究显示,GLP-1受体激动剂还具有如下作用:改善多囊卵巢综合征患者月经周期、排卵率、雄激素指数、胰岛素敏感性、减轻体重、减少腹部脂肪;改善帕金森患者认知功能,延缓疾病进展;改善银屑病糖尿病患者的银屑病症状等。

7、展望

GLP-1受体激动剂是一种可有效治疗2型糖尿病的药物,且具有多种其他降糖药物不具有的治疗优势,包括减轻体重、低血糖发生风险小等。同时,此类药物还具有潜在的心血管获益作用,包括降低血压、血脂和体重等,具有改善脂肪肝和多囊卵巢综合征症状等作用。上述获益的临床关联尚需进一步研究予以明确。此类药物上市时间较短,其长期的临床安全性尚需进一步研究,以期为患者和临床医师选择治疗药物提供更加清晰和明确的证据和建议。

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  2. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1694255, encodeId=58fa16942554a, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f3ad840081f' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰高血糖素样肽-1#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=46, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84008, encryptionId=f3ad840081f, topicName=胰高血糖素样肽-1)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=9c5929589014, createdName=liuquanmn, createdTime=Wed Jul 12 09:38:00 CST 2017, time=2017-07-12, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=131779, encodeId=2bb9131e79b3, content=文章很好,非常有益, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=90, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/jW482SpianMayicTRbRZ5RzdAIB7UwTkHt6fQkBP8ictliaXtc5gCUmYdAW1sAETC2nhO3q6YjRHkUibyOCtP8ibmXNObTyd63A076/0, createdBy=d4111948983, createdName=1e10c84am36(暂无匿称), createdTime=Tue Sep 20 22:35:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-20, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=125600, encodeId=7745125600b0, content=应用的还不够广泛,估计价格不菲是其重要的原因之一, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=77, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20160907/IMG57D00CF1965701770.jpg, createdBy=565c1948251, createdName=舒心和人, createdTime=Tue Sep 13 18:18:00 CST 2016, time=2016-09-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1261081, encodeId=8206126108178, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=30c6102e2607' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#高血糖#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=0, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=102726, encryptionId=30c6102e2607, topicName=高血糖)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=55ce62, createdName=hbwxf, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 00:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1380526, encodeId=6ee6138052680, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9281e34519b' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#研究进展#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=25, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=73451, encryptionId=9281e34519b, topicName=研究进展)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f13d475, createdName=mashirong, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 00:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1457599, encodeId=79db145e59952, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=72148400568' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰高血糖素#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=34, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84005, encryptionId=72148400568, topicName=胰高血糖素)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=b38f5964248, createdName=sjzlzc009, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 00:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1589244, encodeId=a2631589244c8, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=e8b584009c8' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=45, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=84009, encryptionId=e8b584009c8, topicName=胰高血糖素样肽-1受体激动剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=c4bc17689294, createdName=hyf034, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 00:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1627731, encodeId=3d31162e73166, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=ab4f66e8913' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#激动剂#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=33, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=66789, encryptionId=ab4f66e8913, topicName=激动剂)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=null, createdBy=95bc21134754, createdName=medscijoin, createdTime=Fri Jul 29 00:38:00 CST 2016, time=2016-07-29, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2016-09-20 1e10c84am36(暂无匿称)

    文章很好,非常有益

    0

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    2016-09-13 舒心和人

    应用的还不够广泛,估计价格不菲是其重要的原因之一

    0

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    2016-07-29 hbwxf
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