Science Advances:儿童常见脑瘤的高效检测策略——ctDNA液体活检

2020-10-25 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

虽然MB的细胞起源尚不清楚,但有推测认为MB肿瘤细胞起源于早期的神经干细胞或祖细胞。

成神经管细胞瘤(MB)是最常见的小儿脑瘤,被认为是小脑的胚胎源性肿瘤。虽然MB的细胞起源尚不清楚,但有推测认为MB肿瘤细胞起源于早期的神经干细胞或祖细胞。众所周知,与成人癌症和其他儿科癌症相比,MB基因突变很少。最近的研究表明,不同的MB亚型具有不同的表观遗传特征,并在肿瘤进展和临床治疗过程中发生DNA甲基化的动态改变。DNA低甲基化与MB中基因表达增加密切相关,提示DNA去甲基化可能在MB的发病机制中起关键作用。

目前MB的诊断依据是临床症状、核磁共振(MRI)扫描和肿瘤活检。然后通过常规的核磁共振来监测肿瘤的物理变化。临床医生还会进行反复的腰椎穿刺,通常称为脊髓穿刺,以收集脑脊液(CSF),以检测肿瘤细胞的存在。

“如果脑脊液中没有肿瘤细胞,临床医生可能认为他们的治疗是有效的,并继续治疗。然而,脑脊液检测结果与患者的最终结果往往不一致,”德克萨斯州农工大学生物科学与技术研究所表观遗传学与疾病预防中心(CEDP)的研究助理教授、该研究的第一作者贾莉博士说到,“因此,我们迫切需要一种更灵敏的方法来系统地评估和监测治疗后的肿瘤反应,同时在MRI或CT扫描中发现肿瘤明显的解剖变化之前,有效地检测肿瘤复发。”

换句话说,临床医生希望能够监测患者的肿瘤状态,以便在有证据表明肿瘤复发或再次开始恶性生长时尽早进行干预。液体活组织检查是一种在血液等体液中检测癌症DNA或其他疾病生物标记的方法,越来越多地用于监测成人癌症,如直肠癌和乳腺癌。这项技术是一种相对非侵入性的评估癌症进展、治疗反应和复发的方法。目前的技术检测血浆中与癌症相关的基因突变。然而,这种方法对儿童脑癌来说更具挑战性,因为这些癌症通常只有很少的突变。根据研究人员的说法,它们可以被描述为“基因乏味”,意思是它们本身的DNA没有大量突变。

相反,小儿脑瘤经常有表观遗传变化。换句话说,在癌细胞中,DNA本身并没有因为突变而改变,某些关键基因的开启或关闭是由调节其活性的表观遗传变化决定的。由于儿童脑癌中表观遗传异常的存在,研究小组推断,脑脊液等生物液体中的表观遗传标记可能是检测和监测这类癌症的有效方法。

使用液体活检治疗小儿脑癌的另一个问题是,由于血脑屏障阻止脑瘤DNA被释放到血液中,所以在血浆中几乎检测不到脑瘤DNA。相比之下,脑脊液与中枢神经系统的脑瘤细胞相互作用,可用于液体活检。然而,脑脊液中含有极少量的DNA,使其难以研究。

LiYun Nancy HuangDeqiang Sun博士开发了一种新的方法来解决这个问题,并成功地从脑脊液中极少量的DNA进行了全基因组DNA甲基化分析。他们使用的脑脊液样本来自德克萨斯儿童医院的医生们20年来建立的生物库。“脑脊液中的肿瘤细胞在循环过程中会降解,但DNA的存活时间要比细胞长得多,因此可以在生物库样本中发现细胞游离肿瘤DNA (ctDNA),” Huang说,他是这项研究的共同通讯作者。

研究人员开发了一种实验和计算方法来分析这种DNA。他们的结果显示表观遗传标记,DNA甲基化,可以在脑脊液(CSF)的ctDNA中检测到,作为一种潜在的生物标志物来报告MB肿瘤的状态和预测预后。这基本上是一种检测循环DNA中DNA甲基化的全新方法,并可将其用于儿童癌症的生物标志物检测和定量。

脑脊液 ctDNA的胞嘧啶修饰与原位MB肿瘤中检测到的高度一致

最终,这项研究将导致生物标志物工具包的开发,临床医生将能够用于监测儿童脑瘤患者。为了实现这一目标,还有许多步骤要做,但是这些发现已经引起了医生们的极大兴趣,并显示出了在临床应用方面的前景。

参考文献:Jia Li, et,al. Reliable tumor detection by whole-genome methylation sequencing of cell-free DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of pediatric medulloblastomaScience Advances, 2020; 6 (42): eabb5427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abb5427

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    2020-11-15 HYL意连

    受益多多

    0

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    2020-10-27 jxrzshh
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    2020-10-27 smlt2008
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    2020-10-27 docwu2019
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    2020-10-26 narutohokage

    有用,收藏了!

    0

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    2020-10-26 神盾医疗局局长Jack

    这项研究将导致生物标志物工具包的开发,临床医生将能够用于监测儿童脑瘤患者。为了实现这一目标,还有许多步骤要做,但是这些发现已经引起了医生们的极大兴趣,并显示出了在临床应用方面的前景。

    0

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    2020-10-26 12c1dd61m35暂无昵称

    学习了

    0

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    2020-10-25 narutohokage

    有用,收藏了!

    0

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