PO2、 PaO2、SaO2、PaO2/FiO2的临床意义

2021-08-19 知行肺康复 知行肺康复

详述PO2、 PaO2、SaO2、PaO2/FiO2的临床意义

 · 一、PO2 · 

空气中的氧浓度为20.95%,在海平面水平,大气压为760mmHg(101.33 kPa)时,空气中的氧分压=(760-水蒸气分压 )×20.95%。动脉氧分压PaO2是指以物理状态溶解在动脉血浆内的氧分子所产生的张力。在100毫升37℃的血液内、以物理状态溶解的氧每0.003毫升可产生0.133kPa(1mmHg)的氧分压。人类机体从大气吸入的氧气,通过上呼吸道、肺泡、肺毛细血管、动脉血、全身毛细血管、细胞,最后到达细胞线粒体过程,氧分压呈阶梯式下降,如同几层连续瀑布下落一样,因此也称为氧瀑布或氧降阶梯 (oxygen cascade)。

空气中氧被机体吸入呼吸道后,在运送到组织细胞线粒体的过程中,在不同的部位其氧分压逐步下降。氧降阶梯包括以下内容:

①大气干燥气体的氧分压 (PBO2)为159mmHg(21.20kPa);
②吸入气氧分压 (PiO2)为149mmHg(19.80kPa);

③肺泡气氧分压 (alveolar partial pressure of oxygen,PAO2)为 100mmHg(13.30kPa);

④动脉血氧分压为平均为95mmHg(12.60kPa)。

 · 1.1 影响PaO2的因素 · 

一般认为,在静息呼吸空气的情况下,PaO2正常值为80~100mmHg (10.67~13.30KPa),低于80mmHg为低氧血症。低氧血症常见于

①吸入气氧分压过低,多见于还把3000m以上的高空或高原;

②肺通气功能障碍,常见于肺泡通气不足,包括中的VE减小、VE正常或增加,但是无效死腔变大;

③换气功能减退,主要包括V/Q比例失调、静动脉分流和弥散功能障碍

 ·1.2 PaO2的测定· 

动脉血气分析是临床上应用最广泛的方法。动脉血氧指标有 PaO2、SaO2、CaO2、DaO2 等,但仅PO2是血气分析仪利用电极直接进行定量测定,其他指标通过相应的公式或关系进行换算。其中 SaO2 根据氧离曲线换算,其他氧合指标一般不通过血气分析仪显示,而是根据需求由临床医生自行计算或输入相关数值(比如血红蛋白浓度等)后由电脑自动换算。PO2是由氧电极测定的,氧电极由一个阴极和一个阳极组成,在阴极还原氧,阳极为阴极反应提供电子,如IL1302型血气分析仪的阳极为银/氯化银,银在阳极被氧化:Ag-e-=Ag++e−,电子到达阴极使氧被还原,即:O2+2H2O+4e−→4OH−从而产生电流,此电流与PO2呈正比,因此电流的变化可反映PO2的大小。一般情况下氧电极显示的PO2与实际PO2一致。

 · 二、氧饱和度 · 

氧进入血液后绝大部分以化学结合方式存在于血内,主要与红细胞中Hb结合,形成氧合血红蛋白 (HbO2)。Hb和氧有高度的亲和力,每克Hb能结合1.34ml的O2,以这种结合形式输送的O2占96%。O2和Hb结合后,其中铁离子价无改变,因此非氧化而为氧合。(oxygenation)。氧合合速度极快仅需 0.01s。不需要酶的催化,主要受 PO2的影响。其反应为: Hb4+4O2=Hb4(O2)4。Hb携带O2的能力约比血浆溶解的量高81倍。当血液流经PO2高的肺泡时,绝大多数Hb和氧结合成 HbO2;当血液流经 PO2为30mmHg(4.00kPa)的组织时,约有 1/3HbO2 迅速把氧解离而释放出来供组织利用。这种反应可用下式表示Hb+O2=HbO2,当 PO2高的部位(如肺),此反应向右进行;在PO2低的部位(如组织),则此反应向左进行。还原Hb的酸性较HbO2为弱,且容与 [H+]结合形成脱氧血红蛋白 (HHb), 同时使血中 HCO3− 增多。红细胞在每一单位时间内的摄O2量主要取决于以下3个条件:

①PO2的梯度,是决定反应方向的根本因素,在PO2高处(如肺),反应向右进行,在 PO2 低处(如组织),反应向左进行;

②Hb与O2之间的反应速度;

③肺毛细血管中Hb的质与量。

 · 2.1 氧饱和度的测定 · 

①SaO2 根据氧离曲线换算;②经皮血氧饱和度的测定经皮无创脉搏-氧饱和度法(nonimvasive pulse oximetry,简称NPO),是一种无创性、连续性监测SaO2 的方法。NPO根据不同组织吸收光线的波长差异,对每次随心搏进入手指和其他血管丰富组织内的搏动性血流中的血红蛋白(Hb)进行光量和容积测定。主要是测氧和血红蛋白与脱氧血红蛋白(HHb):其原理是假设手指或耳廓为盛满Hb的透明容器,使用波长660nm的红光和940nm的红外光线为入射光源,测定通过组织床的光传导强度来计算FSpO2。HbO2和RHb在这两个特定的光场下有不同的吸收光谱。在红光区, HbO2吸收的光谱比RHb少,在红外光区则相反。二极管快速顺序的开关,使每次都包括红光、红外光和混合光的照射。NPO首先测量每种波长光吸收的交流成分(AC),再分离相应的直流部分(DC),并除去与“脉搏叠加”的环境光的干扰。通过公式可计算出两个光谱的吸收比率(R)。

 · 三、PO2与SaO2之间的关系 · 

PaO2与 SaO2两者的关系并非线性关系,而是呈“S”形曲线关系。这个曲线称为氧解离曲线。SaO2随着PaO2的改变而改变,即SaO2为血液PaO2的函数。氧解离曲线上应记住的要点是“3、6、9法则”,即PO2为30mmHg (4.00kPa)时,SaO2为60%,PO2为60mmHg(8.00kPa)时SaO2为90%。

 · 3.1 影响氧解离曲线的因素· 

P50(半饱和氧分压):P50是 SaO2 50%时的 。PaO2在体温、37℃、血 pH7.4、PaCO240mmHg(5.33kPa) 、BE为0的条件下, P50为26.60mmHg(3.50kPa)。P50正好处于其氧解离曲线的陡直部分,可表示氧解离曲线的位置改变,可反映血液输送O2的能力和Hb对氧的亲和力。P50高于正常值26.60mmHg(3.55kPa)说明氧解离曲线右移,Hb和O2的亲和力降低, O2易于释放,有利于组织利用O2,有利于向组织供氧增加;反之为左移,说明Hb与O2的亲和力增加,不利于O2在组织中释放,组织仍可能缺氧,相反P50增加时, SaO2虽然降低,但组织并无明显缺氧。影响P50的因素很多,①P50增大的因素血液pH降低、温度上升、PaCO2升高、红细胞内2,3−DPG含量增高等均使 P50增大,表示氧解离曲线右移,此时Hb和O2的亲和力降低。②P50减小的因素血液pH升高、温度降低PaCO2降低、红细胞内2,3-DPCG含量减少等因素,均使 P50减小,表示氧解离曲线左移,此时Hb与O2的亲和力增加。

 · 四、氧合指数(SPO2/FiO2) · 

氧合指数(oxygenation index或 ratio of partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood to fraction of inspired oxygen,PaO2/FiO2 ration P/F) 是指动脉血氧分压与吸入气氧浓度之比。其正常值为400−500mmHg (53.13−66.67kPa)。其平均正常值是100/0.21=480。PaO2/FiO2在FiO2值 ≥0.50和 PaO2⩽100mmHg(13.33kPa)时表现最稳定。在一定程度上,排除了吸氧浓度对 PaO2的影响,故在氧气治疗 (oxygen therapy)状态下,也能反映肺的换气功能。PaO2/FiO2比 P(A−a)O2较小,而且更为简单。所以评估严重肺部疾病患者时,可首选的评估低氧血症指数。但PaO2/FiO2对评估伴 PaCO2增高的低氧血症或 P(A−a)O2明显增加的病例可产生误差。

 · 4.1 氧合指数的临床意义· 

①PaO2/FiO2<300mmHg(40.00KPa)可提示肺换气有严重障碍;在急性肺损伤(ALI)时其PaO2/FiO2<300mmHg(40.00KPa)。

②PaO2/FiO2<200mmHg(26.67KPa)可提示有ARDS。

③可作为呼吸功能不全的病情程度和治疗效果的观察指标

 · 参考文献 · 

[1]实用血气分析及酸碱紊乱治疗学/钱桂生,任成山,徐剑钺主编.一郑州:郑州大学出版社,2014. 10 ISBN978−7−5645−1762−5

[2]图解血气分析〔日》工藤翔二 著 贺正一 刘凤奎\编译 北京科学技术出版社出版 ISBN7-5034-1619-7/R▪288

[3]临床呼吸生理学/朱蕾等主编.一北京:人民卫生出版社,2008.1 ISBN978−7−117−09629−4

[4]Carreau A, El Hafny-Rahbi B, Matejuk A, Grillon C, Kieda C. Why is the partial oxygen pressure of human tissues a crucial parameter? Small molecules and hypoxia. J Cell Mol Med. 2011;15(6):1239-1253. doi:10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01258.x

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    2023-04-01 mzeng1 来自云南省

    谢谢作者,学习收获满满🌹🌹🌹

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    2022-04-23 redcrab
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    2022-05-22 chentianping
  4. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2123207, encodeId=6805212320ef0, content=谢谢作者,学习收获满满🌹🌹🌹, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ccb1475120, createdName=mzeng1, createdTime=Sat Apr 01 23:33:04 CST 2023, time=2023-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=云南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1929117, encodeId=7ae0192911ea6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f8e8158e8e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SaO2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15878, encryptionId=f8e8158e8e9, topicName=SaO2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85aa264, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Sat Apr 23 05:06:18 CST 2022, time=2022-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1989669, encodeId=bc14198966921, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d25e458fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#fio2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7458, encryptionId=9d25e458fe, topicName=fio2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f634250, createdName=chentianping, createdTime=Sun May 22 15:06:18 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1010489, encodeId=d3a21010489a4, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8be75220179, createdName=向药师, createdTime=Mon Aug 23 06:33:38 CST 2021, time=2021-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1337424, encodeId=71ab133e42415, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=186a13e2546' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PaO2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13725, encryptionId=186a13e2546, topicName=PaO2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIOca9icPByKxo3ZRUrvuibf7tWt7EScQ1NEiaKy4NCUctSU2jDjOayLicDIaicwUxaQhJ1SZKdEevgjRg/132, createdBy=4f272500131, createdName=若水123, createdTime=Sat Aug 21 03:06:18 CST 2021, time=2021-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-23 向药师

    学习了

    0

  5. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=2123207, encodeId=6805212320ef0, content=谢谢作者,学习收获满满🌹🌹🌹, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=28, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=5ccb1475120, createdName=mzeng1, createdTime=Sat Apr 01 23:33:04 CST 2023, time=2023-04-01, status=1, ipAttribution=云南省), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1929117, encodeId=7ae0192911ea6, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=f8e8158e8e9' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#SaO2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=15878, encryptionId=f8e8158e8e9, topicName=SaO2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=85aa264, createdName=redcrab, createdTime=Sat Apr 23 05:06:18 CST 2022, time=2022-04-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1989669, encodeId=bc14198966921, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=9d25e458fe' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#fio2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=37, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=7458, encryptionId=9d25e458fe, topicName=fio2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=f634250, createdName=chentianping, createdTime=Sun May 22 15:06:18 CST 2022, time=2022-05-22, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1010489, encodeId=d3a21010489a4, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=78, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8be75220179, createdName=向药师, createdTime=Mon Aug 23 06:33:38 CST 2021, time=2021-08-23, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1337424, encodeId=71ab133e42415, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=186a13e2546' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#PaO2#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=42, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=13725, encryptionId=186a13e2546, topicName=PaO2)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://thirdwx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/vi_32/Q0j4TwGTfTIOca9icPByKxo3ZRUrvuibf7tWt7EScQ1NEiaKy4NCUctSU2jDjOayLicDIaicwUxaQhJ1SZKdEevgjRg/132, createdBy=4f272500131, createdName=若水123, createdTime=Sat Aug 21 03:06:18 CST 2021, time=2021-08-21, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2021-08-21 若水123