Lancet Neurol:尚无定论——自发性颅内出血后伴心房颤动患者是否应该口服抗凝剂?

2021-10-25 Naomii MedSci原创

尽管颅内出血复发率低于预期,但颅内出血后房颤患者开始口服抗凝治疗是否不逊于避免使用抗凝治疗尚无定论。

      与一般人群相比,自发性(非创伤性)脑出血幸存者发生缺血性中风和心肌梗死的风险较高,其所有主要血管事件的风险仍然较高(每年约8%)。在任何类型的颅内出血患者中,有14-42%的患者存在房颤,且发生重大血管事件的风险增加了1倍以上。口服维生素K拮抗剂华法林在心房颤动中发生中风的风险相对降低约64%。尽管大出血的风险略有增加,使用直接(即非维生素K拮抗剂)口服治疗抗凝剂(DOAC)与华法林相比,可降低心房颤动患者卒中、颅内出血和死亡的风险。然而,证实这些效果的随机对照试验并不包括患有心房颤动的颅内出血幸存者。这些患者发生颅内出血的风险比普通人群更高。当使用口服抗凝剂时,颅内出血更有可能致死,这使得口服抗凝对这些患者的效果存在不确定性。

     伴有心房颤动的预防卒中NOAC研究与既往脑出血(NASPAF-ICH)30例随机可行性研究、 101例心房颤动患者抗凝相关脑出血后的阿皮卡班(APACHE-AF)2期随机试验,比较了脑出血后心房颤动参与者开始口服抗凝与抗血小板治疗或不接受抗血栓治疗的效果,但安全性和有效性尚不确定尽管这些研究容易受到选择偏差的影响,但复发的主要出血血管事件的风险没有显著变化。因此,世界各地最近的指南一直无法对颅内出血后心房颤动的口服抗凝提出强有力的建议,尽管它们倾向于建议使用DOAC,而不是维生素K拮抗剂。

       近日,有研究者发起了针对患有心房颤动的自发性颅内出血幸存者的启动或停止抗凝药物随机试验(SoSTART),以确定在可接受的时间尺度内进行确定性随机试验的可行性,并评估口服抗凝后再发症状性自发性颅内出血的风险是否足够低(非劣势),从而证明最终的随机试验是合理的。

       SoSTART是一项在英国67家医院进行的前瞻性、随机化、开放标签、评估人员屏蔽、平行分组、试点阶段的试验。研究招募了成年人(年龄18岁),他们在有症状的自发性颅内出血后至少存活了24小时,有心房颤动,并且CHA2DS2-VASc评分至少为2。基于网络的随机化结合最小化算法分配参与者(1:1)开始或避免长期(≥1年)全剂量开放标签口服抗凝治疗。被分配开始口服抗凝的参与者接受直接口服抗凝剂或维生素K拮抗剂,而被分配避免口服抗凝的组接受标准的临床实践(抗血小板药物或不使用抗血栓药物)。

主要结果是复发的症状性自发性颅内出血,并由双盲进行治疗分配的个体进行判断。所有结果在随机化后至少1年内确定,并在所有随机分配的参与者的意向治疗人群中进行评估,使用经最小化协变量调整的Cox比例风险回归。研究计划了190名参与者的样本大小(单边p=0.025,力量90%,允许不遵守),基于12%的非劣势边际(或调整后的危险比[HR]为3.2)。该试验已在ClinicalTrials.gov(NCT03153150)注册,并已完成。

  • 在2018年3月29日至2020年2月27日期间,218名参与者在61个地点获得了同意,其中203人被随机分配到颅内出血开始后115天(IQR 49-265)的中位数。101名受试者被分配为开始组,102名受试者被分配为避免口服抗凝。
  • 受试者平均随访时间为1.2年(IQR为0.97~1.95;完成率为97.2%)。
  • 开始口服抗凝并不逊色于避免口服抗凝:开始组101例中有8例(8%)出现颅内出血复发,避免组102例中有4例(4%)出现颅内出血复发(调整后HR 2·42[95%CI 0·72~8·09];p=0·152)。
  • START组有17人(17%)发生严重不良事件,避免组有15人(15%)发生严重不良事件。
  • 在研究期间,Start组的22名患者(22%)和避免组的11名患者(11%)死亡。

      尽管颅内出血复发率低于预期,但颅内出血后房颤患者开始口服抗凝治疗是否不逊于避免使用抗凝治疗尚无定论。鉴于3项复合次要结果分析的证据不足,应在充分的动力随机试验中研究口服抗凝治疗可能优于预防症状性主要血管事件的可能性。

文献来源:SoSTART Collaboration. Effects of oral anticoagulation for atrial fibrillation after spontaneous intracranial haemorrhage in the UK: a randomised, open-label, assessor-masked, pilot-phase, non-inferiority trial. Lancet Neurol. 2021;20(10):842-853. doi:10.1016/S1474-4422(21)00264-7

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    2022-02-26 yinhl1978
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    2021-12-14 zhaojie88
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    2021-10-25 sodoo
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    2021-10-25 sodoo

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