Pharmacol Ther:睡眠呼吸暂停和肺动脉高压:一个有待解决的谜语

2021-10-06 刘少飞 MedSci原创

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA) 是一种未被充分认识但高度流行的疾病,对心血管健康有重大影响。

众所周知,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA) 是一种未被充分认识但高度流行的疾病,对心血管健康有重大影响。肺动脉高压 (pH) 不太常见,但仍然是一种致命的疾病。 OSA 和 PH 的关联是一个已知但不太了解的现象。此外,这种关系似乎是双向的,对驱动过程的机制的理解有限。 OSA 中的 PH 具有实时后果,因为它已被证明会增加死亡率。有限的数据表明,持续正压治疗可能有益并降低肺压。针对目前 OSA 中 PH 患病率的当前数据,我们探索了这种关系的病理生理学以及它们之间的联系机制。最后,我们讨论了使用 CPAP 治疗 OSA 及其对肺压的影响。

1.认识OSA

阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停 (OSA) 是一种非常普遍的睡眠障碍,具有显着的心血管影响。虽然人们对包括高血压 (HTN)、充血性心力衰竭 (CHF) 和心律失常在内的一些心血管影响有了更好的了解,但对 OSA 和肺动脉高压 (PH) 之间的关系却知之甚少。随着时间的推移,OSA 的患病率一直在增加,最近的一份全球报告表明,全世界约有 10 亿人受到影响。虽然人们认为 PH 的患病率没有那么高,但其发生率也被描述为正在增加。

2.正常生理和肺血管血流动力学

睡眠期间的正常血流动力学不同于清醒时的血流动力学,但也因睡眠类型而异。 非快速眼动 (NREM) 睡眠可降低心率 (HR) 和血压 (BP),而其他血流动力学指标保持不变,包括心输出量 (CO)、肺血管阻力 (PVR) 和肺动脉压 (PAP) ). 快速眼动 (REM) 睡眠表明 HR 和 BP 不稳定,因此表现出更多的可变性。 然而,这仍然低于苏醒时看到的正常水平。 呼吸机制本身取决于通过横膈膜和肋间肌的运动产生的胸内负压,使空气沿着压力梯度进入肺部。 这种机制将是一个重点进一步讨论在 OSA 环境中 PH 的发展。

3. 流行率
关于 OSA 和 PH 之间关系的患病率数据是有限的。 由于 OSA 和 PH 之间的双向关系,已经在 OSA 患者中进行了患病率研究以评估肺动脉高压,反之亦然。

3.1. OSA 患者 PH 的患病率
已知诊断为 OSA 的患者报告的 PH 患病率变化很大,根据研究的不同,范围从 17% 到 70%。

3.2. PH 患者的 OSA 患病率
目前的指南建议考虑/评估肺动脉高压患者的 OSA,但对具有已知 PH 病史的患者的 OSA 患病率的研究更少。

4.PH 在 OSA 中的潜在作用机制。

5. 知识差距
尽管病因和机制似乎各不相同,但 OSA 和 PH 之间的双向关系已得到认可。由于 OSA 是一种非常普遍的睡眠障碍,它在 PH 患者中的存在可能是一种没有因果关系的关联,或者可能会带来额外的负担。然而,由于 PH 的罕见性,OSA 中 PH 的存在不太可能是偶然事件。这种双向性可能需要在未来的研究中分开。 肺动脉高压是一个随疾病病理学随时间推移而演变的谱系。随着时间的推移,毛细血管后 PH 可能导致血管内损伤、平滑肌增殖和最终导致毛细血管前 PH 的不可逆重塑。 OSA 患者可能出现类似的 PH 演变,尤其是那些不依从治疗的患者或通过降低肺压但未正常化(残留 PH)对 CPAP 治疗有反应的患者。这些患者可能适合肺血管扩张剂治疗。考虑到越来越多的 FDA 批准的药物和有关前列环素在间质性肺病中使用的数据,这个潜在的场所可供探索。

6.研究结论
睡眠呼吸暂停和肺动脉高压是一种复杂的相互作用,具有双向关系。显而易见的是,睡眠呼吸暂停和肺动脉高压的结合会导致不良后果。 尽管多个研究团队做了大量工作,但仍然存在大量知识差距。 尽管如此,该领域的大部分工作仍然依赖于超声心动图,需要更多的右心导管确认研究。 最近的 RCT 已经显示出短期内 CPAP 治疗的益处,但需要进一步的 RCT 来显示持续的益处和降低死亡率。 除此之外,CPAP 治疗和密切监测的作用,以及进一步努力确定肺血管扩张剂在特定情况下,对 CPAP 治疗反应不佳的毛细血管前 PH的作用调查。

原始出处:

Sharma S, Stansbury R, Hackett B, Fox H.Sleep apnea and pulmonary hypertension: A riddle waiting to be solved.Pharmacol Ther. 2021 Jun 22;227:107935

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    2022-06-08 yb6560
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    2022-04-23 jj000001
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    2021-10-06 查查佳佳

    哦哦我发了年终奖

    0

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