为什么芬太尼火了? 在美国 合成阿片类药物滥用致死人数激增

2018-12-06 佚名 MED24

12月2日,中美就经贸问题达成共识,决定停止升级关税等贸易限制措施。随后美国白宫办公室发表的一则声明,在称赞此次会晤成功之余,也盛赞中方同意将芬太尼指定为一种受控物质,这意味着向美国出售芬太尼的人将受到中国法律规定的最高刑罚。芬太尼作为一种强效的阿片类止痛剂,起效迅速但作用时间极短,适用于各种疼痛及外科、妇科等手术后和手术过程中的镇痛;也用于防止或减轻手术后出现的谵妄;还可与麻醉药合用。动物实验显

12月2日,中美就经贸问题达成共识,决定停止升级关税等贸易限制措施。随后美国白宫办公室发表的一则声明,在称赞此次会晤成功之余,也盛赞中方同意将芬太尼指定为一种受控物质,这意味着向美国出售芬太尼的人将受到中国法律规定的最高刑罚。

芬太尼作为一种强效的阿片类止痛剂,起效迅速但作用时间极短,适用于各种疼痛及外科、妇科等手术后和手术过程中的镇痛;也用于防止或减轻手术后出现的谵妄;还可与麻醉药合用。动物实验显示,其镇痛效力比吗啡效力高50至100倍。

对医疗比较熟悉的朋友可能知道,阿片类药物近两年在欧美滥用成风,在此不过多介绍。那么为什么美国政府如此关注芬太尼呢?

今年5月份顶级医学期刊JAMA 的子刊JAMA Psychiatry发布的一篇文章,可以让我们一探究竟。

原来从2016年开始,合成的阿片类药物,尤其是非法的芬太尼,比处方阿片类药物在美国造成了更多的死亡。

调查分析显示,合成的阿片类药物(与海洛因和维柯丁(Vicodin)或奥西康定(OxyContin)等处方药不同)导致19413人死亡,比处方的阿片类药物导致的死亡人数多出2000人。这些数字是近十年来首次发现合成阿片类药物比处方类药物造成更多的药物过量使用死亡。数据还显示,从2010年到2016年,与阿片类药物有关的所有死亡中,与合成阿片类药物有关的死亡比例从14%上升到46%。

不过在2016年死于合成阿片类药物过量的患者中,近80%的人体内还含有另一种药物或酒精。在2016年报告的约1.5万例与海洛因有关的死亡中,37%也与合成阿片类药物有关。

这项研究与公共卫生界对芬太尼的关注相呼应。

芬太尼是一种强大的合成阿片类药物,有时在医院被用作麻醉剂,用于治疗慢性疼痛。然而,越来越多的毒贩将含有芬太尼的阿片类药物以低于其他非法阿片类药物的价格出售给买家,而买家要么没有意识到他们正在获得这种合成药物,要么无法预测其药效的增强。

在一些卫生应急人员的报告显示,对于过度服用阿片类药物的人来说,要让他们恢复过来越来越困难。他们通常需要多次给药过量逆转药物纳洛酮才生效。因此研究还强调,对与芬太尼相关的纳洛酮也应给与足够的重视与管理

目前,特朗普政府和各级卫生官员已将纳洛酮作为应对阿片类药物流行的一个关键因素。一些制造商已经向卫生部门和倡导团体捐赠了单位,美国国会也已经拨款数百万美元购买纳洛酮。与此同时,特朗普政府的工作人员将降低阿片类药物处方率作为其毒品政策的重点。还举办了一个名为“药物致死”(prescription to Death)的过量用药受害者纪念展览,并在白宫草坪上展示为期一周的展示,以提示要对一些处方药制造商采取法律行动。

当然该研究也存在一些问题,比如验尸官和其他卫生官员列出的药物过量死亡人数中,有15%至25%不包括具体的死亡原因,这限制了分析,也意味着这些数据可能低估了合成阿片类药物和处方阿片类药物导致的真实死亡人数。

参考资料

Lev Facher,Fentanyl and other synthetic opioidscontributed to more overdose deaths in 2016 than prescription painkillers,www.statnews.com

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    2019-11-17 zchen
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    2018-12-08 lhlxtx
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