遗传性大疱性表皮松解症(蝴蝶宝贝):症状与体征、病因、流行病学、诊断与治疗

2022-08-19 MedSci原创 MedSci原创

大疱性表皮松解症(epidermolysis bullosa,EB)分为遗传性(先天性)和获得性(epidermolysis bullosa acquisita,EBA)两种。 遗传性EB依据发病部位

大疱性表皮松解症(epidermolysis bullosa,EB)分为遗传性(先天性)和获得性(epidermolysis bullosa acquisita,EBA)两种。 遗传性EB依据发病部位不同可分为三类:①单纯性大疱性表皮松解症(simplex EB,EBS),水疱在表皮内;②交界性大疱性表皮松解症(junctional EB,JEB),水疱发生于透明层;③营养不良性大疱性表皮松解症(dystrophic EB,DEB),水疱发生在致密下层。

遗传性大疱性表皮松解症是一组罕见的遗传性皮肤病,主要表现为皮肤或黏膜脆性增加,即受到轻微外伤或摩擦后出现破损、水疱或大疱改变。患儿皮肤像蝴蝶翅膀般脆弱,因此此病患儿又被称为蝴蝶宝贝。目前以皮肤伤口护理、保护及对症治疗为主,出现严重并发症者需要根据情况选择手术治疗。患者预后与疾病类型、基因突变位点及护理情况等有关。

因为皮肤特别脆弱,也被称为"蝴蝶宝贝"。

Epidermolysis bullosa blisters on baby’s knee

2018年5月11日,国家卫生健康委员会等5部门联合制定了《第一批罕见病目录》,遗传性大疱性表皮松解症被收录其中。

一、一般概述

大疱性表皮松解症 (EB) 是一种遗传性皮肤病,其临床特征是机械性创伤形成水疱。 有四种主要类型,并确定了其他子类型。 有一系列严重程度,在每种类型中,一种可能受到轻微或严重影响。 EB 的范围从需要修改某些活动的轻微不便到完全禁用,在某些情况下甚至是致命的。

摩擦导致水泡形成。 水泡可以在皮肤表面的任何地方形成,在口腔内,更严重的形式还可能涉及眼睛的外表面,以及呼吸道、胃肠道和泌尿生殖道。 在某些形式的疾病中,会出现毁容性疤痕和致残的肌肉骨骼畸形。

目前,没有治愈 EB 的方法。 支持性护理包括日常伤口护理、包扎和疼痛管理

二、症状与体征

大疱性表皮松解症分为四个亚型,每个亚型还都有亚型。

1、单纯性大疱性表皮松解症 (EBS)

通常是显性遗传的,并且涉及角蛋白 5 和 14 以及 plectin 的基因紊乱。最近,也描述了几种基底上类型的 EBS。出生时或出生不久有水疱、大疱,多出现在手、肘、膝、足等易摩擦部位。多数患儿在水疱愈合后还会有皮肤色素异常,肤色变浅或加深,但通常不会留下瘢痕或者皮肤萎缩。部分会出现口腔黏膜水疱或溃疡,但不太严重。甲营养不良、甲变厚、毛发稀疏等表现通常会缺如或程度较轻。EBS 可能局限于手和脚,也可能是广泛分布,内部受累相对较轻。患有 EBS 的人可能会在手掌和脚底出现增厚的老茧,在婴儿期出现口腔水泡以及粗糙、增厚的手指甲/脚趾甲。 EBS 通常不会留下疤痕。有罕见的隐性形式。具有 plectin 突变的 EBS 可能与肌营养不良症有关。

2、大疱性交界性表皮松解症 (JEB)

是隐性遗传的,涉及表皮和真皮之间连接的几个成分的基因突变,例如层粘连蛋白 332(以前称为层粘连蛋白 5)、plectin 和 a6b4 整合素。有两种主要亚型,Herlitz JEB 和 JEB-other(包括非 Herlitz JEB,以及伴有幽门闭锁的 JEB 和其他几种亚型)。连接 Herlitz EB 是由于三个层粘连蛋白 332 链中的任何一个发生突变,并且可能是非常严重的 EB 形式。由于严重感染(败血症)、营养不良、脱水、电解质失衡或阻塞性气道并发症,通常在婴儿期发生死亡。 JEB-O 的范围很广。口腔受累和牙齿表面的不规则点蚀在所有亚型中都很常见。患有幽门闭锁的婴儿在新生儿时期会出现喂养困难和腹胀,并在新生儿期表现为外科急症。

3、营养不良性大疱性表皮松解症 (DEB)

营养不良型遗传性大疱性表皮松解症有常染色体显性遗传和常染色体隐性遗传两种遗传方式。并且涉及 VII 型胶原蛋白的缺陷。水泡出现在皮肤的下层,即真皮内。有两种主要的亚型,显性DEB(DDEB)和隐性DEB(RDEB)。呈常染色体显性遗传的症状较轻,而呈常染色体隐性遗传的通常症状较重。

显性营养不良 EB (DDEB):DDEB 通常是轻度的。起泡可能局限于手、脚、肘部和膝盖,也可能是全身性的。常见的发现包括疤痕、粟粒疹(微小的白色肿块)、黏膜受累以及指甲异常或缺失。一些家庭成员可能只有指甲营养不良。

隐性营养不良 EB (RDEB):RDEB 通常比 DDEB 更普遍和更严重。除了疤痕、粟粒疹、黏膜受累和指甲营养不良外,常见的表现还包括营养不良、贫血、食道狭窄、生长迟缓、手指和脚趾的蹼或融合导致连指手套畸形(假性并指)伴功能丧失、挛缩、牙齿畸形、小口畸形和角膜擦伤。严重的广义 RDEB(以前的 Hallopeau-Siemens RDEB)往往是最严重的形式。

4、Kindler综合征非常罕见,涉及皮肤的所有层,极度脆弱。出生不久后,皮肤受到摩擦后出现水疱和大疱;随年龄增长,水疱及大疱逐渐减少,皮肤部分情况变好,但同时皮肤开始出现明显的光敏反应,可能有光暴露部位皮肤异色改变。患者水疱愈合后可能有皮肤萎缩、指纹缺失、轻度并指等表现。

三、病因

遗传性大疱性表皮松解症是本报告的重点。遗传形式遵循常染色体显性或常染色体隐性遗传。还有一种罕见的获得性自身免疫性疾病,称为大疱性表皮松解症。编码表皮、基底膜或真皮中蛋白质的至少 18 个基因中的任何一个发生突变都会导致皮肤完整性差,从而导致脆弱。

隐性遗传疾病发生在个体遗传了同一性状的异常基因的两个拷贝时,每个拷贝来自父母一方。如果一个人接受一个正常基因和一个疾病基因,该人将成为该疾病的携带者,但通常不会出现症状。每次怀孕,两个携带者父母都通过缺陷基因并有受影响的孩子的风险是 25%。每次怀孕生下一个像父母一样是携带者的孩子的风险是 50%。一个孩子从父母双方那里获得正常基因并在该特定特征上遗传正常的机会是 25%。男性和女性的风险相同。

所有个体都携带至少 4-5 个异常基因。近亲(近亲)的父母比无关父母携带相同异常基因的可能性更高,这增加了患隐性遗传疾病的孩子的风险。

当只需要一个异常基因的一个拷贝来引起特定疾病时,就会发生显性遗传疾病。异常基因可以遗传自父母中的任何一方,也可以是受影响个体中新突变(基因改变)的结果。每次怀孕将异常基因从受影响的父母传给后代的风险为 50%。男性和女性的风险相同。

EBS与编码角蛋白5和14的基因突变有关;JEB与编码板层素5、ⅩⅦ型胶原(BPAG2)等物质的基因突变有关;DEB与编码Ⅶ型胶原的基因(COL7A1)突变有关。由于编码表皮和基底膜带结构蛋白成分的基因突变,使这些蛋白合成障碍或结构异常,导致不同解剖部位水疱的产生。目前本病已知有20个不同致病基因,其中第19个致病基因KLHL24是我国学者林志淼及杨勇等发现。

四、流行病学

估计每 50,000 名活产婴儿中就有 1 名出现某种类型的 EB。 这种疾病发生在全世界的每个种族和族裔群体中,并且平等地影响两性。也有相关研究,见:JAMA Dermatol:遗传性大疱性表皮松解症流行病学研究

目前预估中国约有1200名被称为"蝴蝶宝贝"的EB患者。

五、鉴别诊断

新生儿期的任何水疱疾病都可能与 EB 相似。 这些包括单纯疱疹病毒、表皮松解性鱼鳞病、大疱性脓疱病和色素失禁。

六、诊断

应避免根据新生儿期的表现对 EB 类型进行临床诊断,因为该年龄组中所有类型的 EB 可能看起来相似。 当怀疑 EB 时,应进行皮肤活检并将其送到适当的实验室,以通过透射电子显微镜 (TEM) 和/或免疫荧光抗体/抗原作图确认诊断。 大多数已知与各种类型 EB 相关的基因突变的分子遗传学检测在临床上是可用的。

视频见:林志淼教授:遗传性大疱性表皮松解症的临床表现及疾病诊断

七、治疗

根据定义,遗传性 EB 是一种以皮肤显着脆弱为特征的遗传传播疾病。任何创伤,无论看起来多么轻微,都可能导致 EB 儿童或成人的皮肤撕裂或起水泡。以下是避免或最小化此问题的推荐方法:

减少摩擦:在处理任何 EB 患者的皮肤时都应格外小心。

非粘性绷带和敷料:不应在皮肤表面使用粘性或半粘性敷料、绷带、创可贴或胶带。相反,应该用适当的非粘性敷料覆盖伤口,然后用卷起的纱布进一步松散包裹。这可以通过使用管状敷料保持器来固定。

保持皮肤凉爽:EB 患者的皮肤上不应涂抹任何热的东西。特别是洗澡水的温度不应高于体温。患者应避免长时间暴露于环境高温和潮湿环境中。如果可能,应尽可能寻找有空调的环境。

管理水泡:因为 EB 中的水泡不是自限性的,并且可以充满液体并长得很大,所以需要将它们排出。

服装:对于年幼的孩子,尿布可能需要在腿部和腰部添加额外的衬垫。只要有可能,应穿宽松的衣服。如果衣服的接缝处出现水泡,衣服可能会从里到外穿着,标签、袖口和领口可能会被去除。宽松的软垫鞋通常具有更好的耐受性。

营养缺乏:许多患有 EB 的儿童由于伤口慢性失血、营养摄入不足、铁吸收不良和慢性炎症导致的骨髓抑制而变得贫血。与在照顾特殊需要患者方面经验丰富的营养师合作非常重要。通常需要治疗缺铁性贫血。其他患者有硒和肉碱或维生素 D 缺乏症,这可能使他们易患心肌病和骨质疏松症。许多患者无法茁壮成长,需要进行胃造口术。

癌症监测:鳞状细胞癌是 EB 死亡的主要原因,通常发生在生命的第二个十年之后。 RDEB 和 JEB 患者在其一生中患皮肤癌的风险增加。所有 EB 患者至少每年对所有皮肤区域进行检查是非常重要的。

也有认为庆大霉素似乎有用,见:JAMA Dermatol:静脉注射庆大霉素治疗无义突变所致的交界型表皮松解症

八、预后

预后差异较大,取决于遗传性大疱性表皮松解症亚型和患者的健康状况,轻型遗传性大疱性表皮松解症随年龄增加症状会得到改善,重型患者很可能出现各种严重并发症,多数严重威胁患者功能及影响寿命。极重型患者常在婴幼儿期死亡。

九、罕见病信息登记

如果您愿意寻求不断更新的信息,建议您在此登记患者的信息,即使没有完全确诊,也可以登记,点击进入:

罕见疾病患者信息登记系统

参考资料:

Fine JD, Hintner H., eds. Life with Epidermolysis Bullosa (EB): Etiology, Diagnosis, Multidisciplinary Care and Therapy, New York: Springer Wien; 2009.

Fine JD, Bauer E, McGuire J , Moshell A, eds.Epidermolysis Bullosa: Clinical, Epidemiologic, and Laboratory Advances and the Findings of the National Epidermolysis Bullosa Registry 1st edition The Johns Hopkins University Press; 1999.

Weston WL, Lane AT, Morelli JG, eds. Color Textbook of Pediatric Dermatology, 4th Edition Mosby/Elsevier, 2007: 348-354.

REVIEW ARTICLES

Murrell DF (ed.) (2010): Epidermolysis Bullosa: Part I – Pathogenesis and Clinical Features. Dermatologic Clinics, Vol 28/1. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Elsevier.

Murrell DF (ed.) (2010): Epidermolysis Bullosa: Part II – Diagnosis and Management. Dermatologic Clinics, Vol 28/2. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Elsevier.

Fine JD, Mellerio JE. Extracutaneous manifestations and complications of inherited epidermolysis bullosa: part I. Epithelial associated tissues.

J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Sep;61(3):367-84.

Fine JD, Mellerio JE. Extracutaneous manifestations and complications of inherited epidermolysis bullosa: part II. Other organs. J Am Acad Dermatol. 2009 Sep;61(3):387-402.

Pfendne EG, Bruckner A, Conget P, Mellerio J, Palisson F, Lucky AW. Basic science of epidermolysis bullosa and diagnostic and molecular characterization: Proceedings of the IInd International Symposium on Epidermolysis Bullosa. Santiago, Chile, 2005 International Journal of Dermatology. 2007; 46(8):781-794.

Azizkhan RG, Denyer JE, Mellerio JE, González R, Bacigalupo M, Kantor A, Passalacqua G, Palisson F, Lucky AW. Surgical management of epidermolysis bullosa: Proceedings of the IInd International Symposium on Epidermolysis Bullosa, Santiago, Chile, 2005. International Journal of Dermatology. 2007:46(8): 801-808.

Mellerio JE, Weiner M, Denyer JE, Pillay EI, Lucky AW, Bruckner A, Palisson F. Medical management of epidermolysis bullosa: Proceedings of the IInd International Symposium on Epidermolysis Bullosa, Santiago, Chile, 2005 International Journal of Dermatology 2007;46(8): 795- 800.

Lucky AW, Pfendner E, Pillay E, Paskel J, Weiner M, Palisson F. Psychosocial aspects of epidermolysis bullosa: Proceedings of the IInd International Symposium on Epidermolysis Bullosa, Santiago, Chile, 2005 International Journal of Dermatology. 2007;46(8): 809-814.

INTERNET

Debra International. Caring for Someone with EB. Available at: http://www.debra-international.org/patients/caring-for-someone-with-eb.html Accessed May 30, 2013.

Marinkovich MP. Epidermolysis Bullosa Updated: Aug. 10, 2012. Medscape. Available at: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1062939-overview Accessed May 30, 2013.

Pfendner E, Bruckner A. Epidermolysis Bullosa Simplex. Last Update Sept. 1, 2011. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1997-2013. Available at http://www.genetests.org . Accessed May 30, 2013.

Pfendner E, Lucky AW. Dystrophic Epidermolysis Bullosa. Last Update Nov 4, 2010. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1997-2013. Available at http://www.genetests.org . Accessed May 30, 2013.

Pfendner E, Lucky AW. Junctional Epidermolysis Bullosa. Posted: Feb 2, 2008. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1997-2013. Available at http://www.genetests.org . Accessed May 30, 2013.

Pfendner E, Lucky AW. Epidermolysis Bullosa with Pyloric Atresia. Last Update: February 14, 2013. In: GeneReviews at GeneTests: Medical Genetics Information Resource (database online). Copyright, University of Washington, Seattle. 1997-2013. Available at http://www.genetests.org Accessed May 30, 2013.

林志淼教授:遗传性大疱性表皮松解症的临床表现及疾病诊断

JAMA Dermatol:静脉注射庆大霉素治疗无义突变所致的交界型表皮松解症

JAMA Dermatol:遗传性大疱性表皮松解症流行病学研究

 

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    2022-08-20 小小医者

    #遗传性大疱性表皮松解症#,这是皮肤#罕见病#,没有什么特效药,虽然发病人数极少极少。

    0

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