Nature:中国团队首次描绘出早期肝细胞癌蛋白图谱,并发现治疗肝癌的新靶点,或可用于多种癌症的治疗

2019-02-28 奇点糕 奇点网

今天,国家蛋白质科学中心的贺福初院士、钱小红教授和复旦大学的樊嘉院士,组成的联合团队,又在肝细胞癌(占到肝癌的90%)的治疗中取得重大进展!

今天,国家蛋白质科学中心的贺福初院士、钱小红教授和复旦大学的樊嘉院士,组成的联合团队,又在肝细胞癌(占到肝癌的90%)的治疗中取得重大进展!

他们通过蛋白组学的方法,对110名肝细胞癌患者的肝癌组织和正常肝组织进行分析,鉴定出一个在肝癌的发生和转移中,发挥了关键作用的蛋白SOAT1。将SOAT1用已有的药物抑制后,肝细胞癌组织的生长便受到了极大的抑制。而且,这个靶点还被发现具有治疗多种癌症的潜力(如癌、肾癌、前列腺等)。相关研究发表在顶级学术期刊《自然》上。

左:贺福初  中:钱小红  右:樊嘉

大家都知道,癌症越早发现越容易治疗,而患者存活的时间也能更长。可即便如此,在肝癌早期进行过手术治疗的患者,5年生存率也只有50%-70%。对于很多预后很差的早期肝细胞癌患者,迫切需要找到新的辅助治疗方法。

癌症实际上是一种基因病。细胞基因突变以及表达模式的改变,导致了细胞信号通路的改变,进而促成了癌症的发生。因此,寻找并靶向癌细胞特异的信号通路,是过去癌症研究的主流。由此催生了癌症的靶向治疗,并促进了免疫治疗的出现。

以往的研究大多集中在基因组和转录组层面,但实际上蛋白质才是生命活动的主要承担者,DNA和RNA层面并不能展现癌细胞的全貌。因此,直接比较癌细胞和正常细胞蛋白组的变化,更能反映真实的情况。

而建成不久的国家蛋白质科学中心,在蛋白组学研究中拥有无与伦比的优势。

他们选择了110名早期肝细胞癌患者的肿瘤切除组织,及相应的正常肝脏组织。运用质谱的方法检测了这些组织的蛋白组。最终鉴定出了9252种蛋白,其中包括5847种磷酸化蛋白及其上的27651个磷酸化位点。随后还对这些组织进行了基因组和转录组测序。

通过比较患者的临床特征和蛋白组数据,研究人员将早期肝癌患者分为三类:S-I,S-II 和 S-III。我们前面提到过,早期肝细胞癌患者手术治疗后,很大一部分仍然无法活超过5年。而这些不幸患者主要就是S-III型,占到了所有患者的30%。

相比S-I和S-II患者,S-III患者复发率更高,存活时间更短。而这次研究的一个主要目的,就是要帮助这些S-III患者,找到新的治疗方法。

S-III患者手术后,预后也极差

研究人员对S-III患者的蛋白组学进行分析,希望能找到肝细胞癌的弱点。通过分析,发现S-III患者的肿瘤组织,与S-I,S-II相比,在蛋白水平上确实有很多不一样的特征,与预后更差相关的分子信号更加强烈,很多肿瘤相关的蛋白水平也更高,而这些蛋白中很多是已知的药物靶点。

尤其是一个叫SOAT1的蛋白表现最为突出,在所有更差预后的风险因子中排第一。

而这个SOAT1蛋白所参与的过程大家很熟悉,就是以血管疾病中的首恶—胆固醇为底物,催化形成胆固醇脂。前面我们介绍过,降胆固醇药物——他汀具有预防肝癌的功能,抑制胆固醇合成通路便能防癌。有意思的是,2016年中国科学家还发现,SOAT1的抑制剂类药物阿伐麦布(一种降脂药),可以助力免疫治疗。
而且,比较肝癌组织和正常肝脏组织,发现肝癌组织中SOAT1蛋白的含量明显更高。此外,检测244名肝癌患者,发现他们SOAT1基因的表达也被明显上调。

这一切迹象都表明,SOAT1蛋白很可能在肝细胞癌中发挥了不光彩的作用。

为了证实SOAT1蛋白在肝细胞癌中的作用,研究人员将肝癌细胞中的SOAT1基因进行了敲除,发现癌细胞的增殖和迁移能力都受到了极大的抑制。而用SOAT1抑制剂阿伐麦布处理肝癌细胞,也得到了类似的结果。

研究人员还观察到,当SOAT1被敲除或抑制后,癌细胞膜上很多重要的胆固醇脂类受体便大大减少了,而这些受体对癌细胞的生长和迁移是非常重要的。(这个研究其实也阐明了部分他汀抗癌的机制)

敲除或抑制SOAT1后,多种膜受体受影响

这些证据表明,SOAT1是通过促进胆固醇脂的合成,进而提高细胞上很多受体的数量,进而促进癌症的发生与转移。这实际上与酪氨酸激酶突变致癌的作用类似。

随后,研究人员将人类肝细胞癌组织移植到小鼠上,然后用阿伐麦布进行处理,发现能明显减少小鼠身上移植肿瘤的体积。这表明,SOAT1确实是一个治疗肝细胞癌的潜力靶点。

阿伐麦布减小肿瘤体积

事实上,研究人员发现SOAT1不仅在肝癌中作恶,在其他肿瘤队列中检测还发现,SOAT1基因的高表达与甲状腺癌、头颈癌、癌、肾癌、前列腺癌、胰腺癌的不良预后都有关。

综上所述,这些结果强烈显示,SOAT1可能被广泛用作多种肿瘤的预后生物标志物和治疗靶点。

因此,这个研究的发现可能具有普适性,或将有助于更多类型肿瘤的治疗。

原始出处:ing Jiang, Aihua Sun, Yang Zhao, Wantao Ying, et al. Proteomics identifies new therapeutic targets of early-stage hepatocellular carcinoma. Nature. 27 February 2019

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    2019-07-11 xjy02
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    2019-03-02 lsndxfj
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    2019-03-01 jyzxjiangqin

    中国团队首次描绘出早期肝细胞癌蛋白图谱。

    0

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