Breast cancer is the most common malignancy in women and is the leading cause of death among women world-wide [1]. Despite many advances in the diagnosis and treatment of breast cancer, metastasis remains an insurmountable challenge. Although the molecular mechanisms are not completely understood, it is well established that the formation and growth of new blood vessels is critical for sustained tumor growth and metastasis [2]. Studies have found that benign lesions associated with high vascular density are correlated with an increased risk of developing breast cancer. Traditionally, the mechanism(s) controlling the development of tumor vasculature and perfusion were thought to be endothelial cell-lined vascular networks [3]. Thus, efforts to reduce the growth and spread of breast cancer focused on the mechanism(s) of angiogenesis by which tumors establish a blood supply for survival, growth, and metastasis [4].
Plant Cell. 2008 January; 20(1): 75–87
Guard cells play a critical role in plant growth and development by optimizing gas exchange under variable environments.
Data for this study were collected using …Five works will be examined, all of which …This investigation takes the form of a case-study of the …This study was exploratory and interpretative in nature.This study uses a qualitative case study approach to investigate …The research data in this thesis is drawn from four main sources: …The approach to empirical research adopted for this study was one of …This dissertation follows a case-study design, with in-depth analysis of …By employing qualitative modes of enquiry, I attempt to illuminate the …Qualitative and quantitative research designs were adopted to provide …Both qualitative and quantitative methods were used in this investigation.A holistic approach is utilised, integrating X, Y and Z material to establish …The study was conducted in the form of a survey, with data being gathered via …The methodological approach taken in this study is a mixed methodology based on …A combination of quantitative and qualitative approaches was used in the data analysis.
Metabolomics (2012) 8:1181–1193
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity accounts for up to 25 % of the organ toxicity noted in preclinical studies during drug development (Bennett et al. 1988). Extensive exposure to high concentrations of xenobiotic compounds and their active metabolites can have a major pathological effect on the kidney (Werner et al. 1995). Currently, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCRE) are the most common clinical indicators of renal injury, however, sCRE concentrations may not be altered until a significant amount of kidney function is lost (Price 1992; Duarte and Preuss 1993). The low sensitivity of the current clinical markers limits the detection of early stages of renal damage, affecting patient care and increasing total medical costs. Therefore, the discovery of novel, sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers of acute kidney injury is of great interest, especially those which can differentiate between development of and recovery from injury.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25024350
Recent advances in 'omic' technologies have created unprecedented opportunities for biological research, but current software and database resources are extremely fragmented. OMICtools is a manually curated metadatabase that provides an overview of more than 4400 web-accessible tools related to genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics and metabolomics. All tools have been classified by omic technologies (next-generation sequencing, microarray, mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance) associated with published evaluations of tool performance. Information about each tool is derived either from a diverse set of developers, the scientific literature or from spontaneous submissions. OMICtools is expected to serve as a useful didactic resource not only for bioinformaticians but also for experimental researchers and clinicians.
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11306-012-0423-7
Drug-induced nephrotoxicity accounts for up to 25 % of the organ toxicity noted in preclinical studies during drug development (Bennett et al. 1988). Extensive exposure to high concentrations of xenobiotic compounds and their active metabolites can have a major pathological effect onthe kidney (Werner et al. 1995). Currently, elevated blood urea nitrogen (BUN) and serum creatinine (sCRE) are the most common clinical indicators of renal injury, however, sCRE concentrations may not be altered until a significant amount of kidney function is lost (Price 1992; Duarte and Preuss 1993). The low sensitivity of the current clinical markers limits the detection of early stages of renal damage, affecting patient care and increasing total medical costs. Therefore, the discovery of novel, sensitive and noninvasive biomarkers of acute kidney injury is of great interest, especially those which can differentiate between development of and recovery from injury.
Annals of Biomedical Engineering (
The purpose of this study was to examine the mechanotransduction pathway via the integrin/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway in LIPUS exposure on the synovial membrane cells. Rabbit knee synovial membrane cell line, HIG-82, was cultured with or without FAK phosphorylation inhibitor, PF-573228.
Our previous studies, along with those by Atamas et al (6), have shown that the increased production of CCL18 by alternatively activated alveolar macrophages in patients with pulmonary fibrosis promotes the production of collagen by lung fibroblasts. Atpresent there is no established biomarker that can adequately reflect pulmonary fibrotic activity CCL18 in BAL fluid and serum resembled that described for BAL cells. Production of CCL18 by BAL cells was correlated with pulmonary function results and BAL neutrophil cell counts, which are both known markers of disease progression. Consistent with our previous findings and those by Pardo et which have been described as markers of disease progression and fibrotic activity in patients with pulmonary fibrosis Both of these pulmonary function markers are known to reflect disease severity and are associated with the risk of death in patients with pulmonary fibrosis Both of these pulmonary function markers are known to reflect disease severity and are associated with the risk of death in patients with pulmonary fibrosis.
Scientia Horticulturae 128 (2011) 115–123
Asiatic citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most detrimental dis- eases affecting citrus production.
Scientia Horticulturae 128 (2011) 115–123
Asiatic citrus canker caused by Xanthomonas citri subsp. citri (Xcc) is one of the most detrimental dis- eases affecting citrus production.
Nature
The enhancement of plastic deformability in ceramics will enable the design of novel composites with high hardness and measurable ductility that are used in energy and defense related technologies and aerospace engineering.
Nature
Metal ceramic multilayers have come into greater focus due to their promising mechanical, physical and chemical properties, making them practically useful for harsh environments and extreme loading. These composites show improvement in hardness, toughness, wear resistance, thermal resistance, shock resistance and irradiation resistance, to name a few.
Compared to metals, ceramics are lacking in room temperature plasticity and fracture toughness, because of a high lattice fraction stress on most slip systems at low temperatures. In the competation between dislocation glide and brittle fracture in ceramics at low temperatures, brittle fracture wins since the stresses necessary to activate dislocation glide are significantly higher than fracture stress. However, localized dislocation activity in ceramics at room temperature has been observed underneath the indenter.
http://europepmc.org/abstract/med/3958810
We sought to clarify the impact of dietary restriction (undernutrition without malnutrition) on aging. Female mice from a long-lived strain were fed after weaning in one of six ways: group 1) a nonpurified diet ad libitum; 2) 85 kcal/wk of a purified diet (approximately 25% restriction); 3) 50 kcal/wk of a restricted purified diet enriched in protein, vitamin and mineral content to provide nearly equal intakes of these essentials as in group 2 (approximately 55% restriction); 4) as per group 3, but also restricted before weaning; 5) 50 kcal/wk of a vitamin- and mineral-enriched diet but with protein intake gradually reduced over the life span; 6) 40 kcal/wk of the diet fed to groups 3 and 4 (approximately 65% restriction). Mice from groups 3-6 exhibited mean and maximal life spans 35-65% greater than for group 1 and 20-40% greater than for group 2. Mice from group 6 lived longest of all. The longest lived 10% of mice from group 6 averaged 53.0 mo which, to our knowledge, exceeds reported values for any mice of any strain. Beneficial influences on tumor patterns and on declines with age in T-lymphocyte proliferation were most striking in group 6. Significant positive correlations between adult body weight and longevity occurred in groups 3-5 suggesting that increased metabolic efficiency may be related to longevity in restricted mice. Mice from groups 3-6 ate approximately 30% more calories per gram of mouse over the life span than did mice from group 2. These findings show the profound anti-aging effects of dietary restriction and provide new information for optimizing restriction regimes.
