突发晕厥如何处理?这份诊治攻略不可错过

2018-04-04 人间世 医学界心血管频道

每次听到“医生,某某床晕倒了”这句话,心里都会不自觉地咯噔一下,脚步也不自觉地加快,开始推着除颤器在病房里飞奔……

每次听到“医生,某某床晕倒了”这句话,心里都会不自觉地咯噔一下,脚步也不自觉地加快,开始推着除颤器在病房里飞奔……

但,并不是所有的意识丧失都这么可怕,今天就给大家介绍一种良性晕厥。

病历简介

患者17岁男性,发作性晕厥1年。患者共出现2次意识丧失,多于长期站立中出现,发作前伴有恶心、面色苍白、出汗、头晕,发作中无抽搐、大小便失禁,持续1分钟左右自行恢复,恢复后自觉乏力,无外伤史、后遗症,无胸痛、心悸等不适。否认用药史、猝死家族史。

后患者就诊于我院,完善相关检查:

心超:心脏结构及功能未见异常。

动态心电图:窦性心律不齐,夜间偶见二度1型房室传导阻滞,偶发房性早搏。


图1:心电图示窦性心律不齐、左室高电压

冠脉CT:未见冠脉起源及走形异常。

直立倾斜试验:硝酸甘油继发试验期间出现恶心、头晕、黑朦,同时收缩压从112 mmHg下降至87 mmHg,心率从基线68 次/分下降至52 次/分,无停搏,平卧后迅速好转。


图2:血压趋势图


图3:心率趋势图

临床诊断考虑血管迷走性晕厥(血管抑制型),嘱患者避免诱因,并给予患者教育。

问题来了,什么是血管迷走性晕厥?

血管迷走性晕厥属于晕厥中的一种,所以要了解血管迷走性晕厥的概念,首先要理解晕厥的定义。晕厥是一种一过性全脑血液低灌注导致的短暂意识丧失,具有突发性、一过性和自行恢复性。血管迷走性晕厥是由自主神经的异常反射而导致血压、心率下降,引起脑部低灌注而出现晕厥发作,是晕厥最常见的病因。我们常说的“晕血”也属于血管迷走性晕厥的范畴。

目前,诊断主要依赖临床表现及排除其他晕厥病因。典型表现为多由情绪紧张或长时间站立诱发,并有特征性表现如伴有出汗、面色苍白、恶心及呕吐等。该患者的临床表现基本符合典型的血管迷走性晕厥特点。

直立倾斜试验,略显尴尬……

我们处理晕厥待查时,总是避不开直立倾斜试验。

但是每位主任在查房的时候总会说这样一句绕口令:直立倾斜试验阳性,并不一定是血管迷走性晕厥;直立倾斜试验阴性,并不是一定不是血管迷走性晕厥。总是让人怀疑这个检查存在的必要性……

2018年的晕厥指南也列出了多种心血管疾病均可以出现直立倾斜试验阳性,也强调了最需要它的情况中(难以解释的晕厥)反而诊断价值是最不理想的,再次暴露了其尴尬的境地。但也指出了该项检查的另一种意义——检测低血压倾向。


图4

另外,直立倾向试验结果判断可能并没有统一的规范,在各大医疗中心都有各自的规定。这里向大家介绍一下中国心脏联盟的阳性标准,它分为四型。

表:直立倾斜试验阳性标准分类



接着我们回到这个患者的直立倾斜试验结果上来:患者出现晕厥先兆症状,同时血压下降幅度大于30 mmHg,同时心率下降未小于40次/分、也无停搏,故考虑3型血管抑制型。

我想大家都注意到了血压下降前患者出现了短暂的心率明显增快,这又该如何解释呢?这里还得回到上一部分的机制上来,在迷走神经兴奋之前首先是交感神经的过度激活,但是伴有排空效应,所以心率明显升高,但是血压变化不大。

重点来了!血管迷走性晕厥如何治疗?


图5:血管迷走性晕厥整体治疗策略

1. 预防策略

避免诱因(如闷热而拥挤的环境、长时间站立),早起识别前驱症状,采取某些动作以终止发作(如仰卧位),避免引起血压降低的药物(包括利尿剂和酒精等)。

2. 物理反压治疗和倾斜试验

2项临床研究发现进行骨骼肌等长运动可以使血压明显升高,避免意识丧失,但是这种治疗方法对于前驱症状轻微或没有先兆的患者无效。鉴于这种方法无风险,对于血管迷走性晕厥患者,应当作为所有治疗手段的核心。

倾斜试验有2种形式,一种为在监测下通过重复倾斜试验训练,另一种在家通过练习安静的站立来延长出现晕厥的时间,前则可能有效,后者则不会,由于缺乏一致的阳性结果,目前暂无对此项干预提供推荐。

3. 药物治疗

可能有效的是氟氢可的松、米多君,但也是推荐在症状严重的患者中可考虑应用,应用的同时也应权衡其副作用,而β受体阻滞剂已被大量随机对照研究证实无效。

4. 起搏器治疗


图6:血管迷走性晕厥起搏器治疗决策

对于40岁以上,晕厥反复发作且不可预测、有临床症状且停搏间歇 ≥ 3秒或无症状且停搏间歇 ≥ 6秒的患者,双腔起搏是一项有效治疗方法。

但是值得注意的是,尽管在直立倾斜试验时记录到长时间的心脏停搏提示,在自发性晕厥中可能有类似的反应,但起搏器治疗这些倾斜试验中心脏抑制反应阳性患者的益处仍未得到证实,所以直立倾斜试验可用于识别对心脏起搏反应不佳的低血压患者。

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    2018-04-08 122457f6m94暂无昵称

    科里正好有一个晕厥查因的患者

    0

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    2018-04-08 华子皿

    学习了

    0

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    2018-04-06 lily1616
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    2018-04-06 2227437833_79976374

    66666666666

    0

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    2018-04-05 祝您健康

    学习

    0

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    2018-04-04 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

  7. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303931, encodeId=226b30393199, content=科里正好有一个晕厥查因的患者, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=94032318719, createdName=122457f6m94暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 15:03:37 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303868, encodeId=16b830386805, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/26/a124f42b28f0ed8b9f99961d46af086f.jpg, createdBy=e5671734892, createdName=华子皿, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 10:31:16 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311633, encodeId=aa891311633ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 12:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303270, encodeId=d2ca3032e0ef, content=66666666666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 10:40:52 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303000, encodeId=5a6630300087, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/22/005b55a98a8b2e8ec8bd5577813de704.jpg, createdBy=29fc2176768, createdName=祝您健康, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 11:13:22 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302782, encodeId=1161302e822e, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:49:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302781, encodeId=2e64302e81d9, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:46:52 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302773, encodeId=343c302e736f, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:28:43 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-04 天地飞扬

    了解一下.谢谢分享!

    0

  8. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303931, encodeId=226b30393199, content=科里正好有一个晕厥查因的患者, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=54, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=94032318719, createdName=122457f6m94暂无昵称, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 15:03:37 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303868, encodeId=16b830386805, content=学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=61, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/04/26/a124f42b28f0ed8b9f99961d46af086f.jpg, createdBy=e5671734892, createdName=华子皿, createdTime=Sun Apr 08 10:31:16 CST 2018, time=2018-04-08, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1311633, encodeId=aa891311633ad, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=053f59e677a' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#晕厥#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=38, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=59767, encryptionId=053f59e677a, topicName=晕厥)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=8143398, createdName=lily1616, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 12:16:00 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303270, encodeId=d2ca3032e0ef, content=66666666666, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=57, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Fri Apr 06 10:40:52 CST 2018, time=2018-04-06, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=303000, encodeId=5a6630300087, content=学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=64, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/11/22/005b55a98a8b2e8ec8bd5577813de704.jpg, createdBy=29fc2176768, createdName=祝您健康, createdTime=Thu Apr 05 11:13:22 CST 2018, time=2018-04-05, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302782, encodeId=1161302e822e, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=68, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:49:14 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302781, encodeId=2e64302e81d9, content=了解一下.谢谢分享!, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=27, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2019/12/23/2f51002e1349ccda5be11c1eea1e1e60.jpg, createdBy=a22097948, createdName=天地飞扬, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:46:52 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=302773, encodeId=343c302e736f, content=谢谢分享学习, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=26, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Wed Apr 04 21:28:43 CST 2018, time=2018-04-04, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2018-04-04 清风拂面

    谢谢分享学习

    0