超全总结,冠心病抗栓遭遇消化道出血怎么治?

2017-10-14 小池 医学界心血管频道

冠心病患者抗栓治疗中如何评估消化道出血风险?在冠心病抗栓治疗中出现消化道出血患者应该如何调整抗栓策略?

冠心病患者抗栓治疗中如何评估消化道出血风险?在冠心病抗栓治疗中出现消化道出血患者应该如何调整抗栓策略?

近年来,抗栓治疗药物研发有了很大的进展,抗栓药物种类增多,但治疗过程中的出血风险也随之升高。研究发现,约40%~50%接受双联抗血小板治疗(DAPT)的患者伴有较高的消化道出血风险。据统计数据,行PCI出院后自发性出血人群中,消化道出血约占77.2%。

研究显示,由于持续抗血小板治疗与增加的出血风险相关,因此有必要将这一风险和潜在的获益进行比较,权衡治疗的利弊。10月14号,在第二十八届长城国际心脏病学会议上,来自宁夏医科大学附属医院的贾绍斌教授来自带来了《当冠心病抗栓治疗遭遇消化道出血时的处置》的精彩报告,小编整理重要内容如下,分享给大家。

1.冠心病抗栓治疗心肌缺血/消化道出血风险评估

■ 上消化道出血的评估

临床评估:结合症状与体征评估血流动力学是否稳定,是否需要给予液体复苏治疗。

实验室评估:红细胞压积<25%,或者血红蛋白<80 g/L伴心率加快,鼻胃管抽出红色血液提示为严重上消化道出血;对于血尿素氮(BUN)<6.5 mmol/L(18.2 mg/dL),血红蛋白≥130 g/L(男性)或120 g/L(女性),收缩压≥110 mmHh(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),脉搏<100次/min,且无黑便、心功能不全、晕厥和肝脏疾病为地为患者,可暂不进行干预。

危险评分:建议对所有急性上消化道出血患者进行Blatchford评分,以便在内镜检查前预判哪些患者需要接受输血、内镜检查或手术等干预措施,其取值范围为0-23分。

表1: Blatchford评分


内镜检查后还可以结核患者年龄、休克状况、伴发病等进行Rockall评分,以评估患者的死亡风险,其取值范围为0-11分,0-2分提示再出血和死亡风险均较低。

表2:Rockall评分


此外,对于消化性溃疡出血患者,还应结合内镜下表现进行Forrest分级,有助于优化止血方案。

表3:Forrest分级


■ 下消化道出血的评估

临床评估:结合症状和体征评估血流动力学是否稳定,是否需要给予液体复苏治疗。

实验室评估:红细胞压积<25%,或者血红蛋白<80 g/L伴心率加快,鼻胃管抽出红色血液提示为严重上消化道出血;对于血尿素氮(BUN)<6.5 mmol/L(18.2 mg/dL),血红蛋白≥130 g/L(男性)或120 g/L(女性),收缩压≥110 mmHh(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa),脉搏<100 次/min,且无黑便、心功能不全、晕厥和肝脏疾病为地为患者,可暂不进行干预。

影像学检查评估:结肠镜是目前明确急性下消化道出血病因的主要方法,早期检查能提高出血部位的检出率,但应注意掌握检查时机;在常规内镜检查未明确病因时,可采用胶囊内镜及小肠镜检查;CT血管造影术(CTA)和放射性核素显像有助于明确出血原因和定位。

2.消化道出血的冠心病患者治疗如何决策?

《ACS抗栓治疗合并出血防治多学科专家共识》推荐采用BARC出血定义和分型。多项研究显示,BARC出血定义对PCI术后1年死亡率的预测价值最高。

表4:BARC出血定义和分型


■ 威胁生命的消化道大出血(BARC 3型)处理措施

处理措施

· 立即停止所有抗血小板及抗凝药物;

· 内镜止血 +大剂量静脉PPI(48~72h);

· 输血支持治疗(慎重应用);

· 仍有活动性出血:输注血小板或补充凝血因子观察3~5天出血稳定,回复单抗血小板治疗;

· 需联合PPI和胃黏膜保护剂;

· 监测出血复发。

(一)内镜的应用

内镜是抗栓治疗合并出血处理的重要环节,内镜检查应兼顾缺血、出血以及内镜操作的风险:

① 缺血风险高危者应推迟内镜下检查或治疗,并进行相关风险评估,每24-48小时重新评估一次是否进行内镜检查,根据心脑血管疾病与消化道出血的危险程度,优先处理危及生命的病变。

② 对于缺血风险低危、出血风险较高的患者,内镜操作前应至少停用抗血小板药物5天,抗凝药可根据其半衰期进行调整。

③ 合并BARC出血分型≥3型或内镜检查提示为高危(ForrestⅠ~Ⅱb)的患者,应在严密监测以及生命体征平稳的条件下于24-48 h内行内镜检查(严重出血12h以内),以便尽早明确诊断和进行有必要的干预。内镜下可单独采用热凝或机械方法与注射方法联合止血。

④ 对喷射状活动性出血、血管裸露、活动性渗血、血凝块附着,应积极实施内镜下止血治疗。完成内镜下之穴治疗后建议静脉给予PPI(如泮托拉唑首剂80 mg弹丸注射,其后8 mg/h)静脉注射维持72 h,能减少出血复发或外科手术,降低病死率。

⑤ 对黑色基地、洁净基底的患者,内镜检查后给予常规口服PPI治疗即可。

⑥ 对于长期使用华法林抗凝的患者,一旦发生出血,应纠正凝血状态,尽快行内镜检查与治疗。

(二)严格把握输血指征

① 严重出血可导致循环衰竭甚至死亡,但输血本身也可以导致甚至加重炎症反应,输血适应证把握不当可能增高病死率。

② 一般建议,血红蛋白低于70 g/L时应考虑输血,但仅建议将血红蛋白升至70~90 g/L。

③ 有研究显示,通过输血将血红蛋白升至90-110 g/L反而升高病死率。

④ 因而,只要患者生命体征平稳临床上不建议过多输血。

■ 非威胁生命的消化道出血(BARC1、2型)的处理策略

处理措施

· 权衡终止DAPT血栓时间风险(高危),若Rockall评分≤4,则继续DAPT(低中危);

· 如权衡后须单抗:可先停用氯吡格雷,继续阿司匹林服用+PPI治疗;

· 加强止血措施:口服或先静脉PPI 48-72 h后改口服;

· 仍有活动出血:内镜止血(24148 h内)。

■ 上或下消化道出血抗栓治疗策略的调整

急性冠脉综合征(ACS)抗栓治疗过程中一旦发生上消化道出血,应综合评估缺血与出血风险:

小出血(如BARC出血分型<3型)患者,可在充分止血以及监测下继续服用抗栓药物;

严重出血(如BARC出血分型≥3型)患者,应考虑减少药物种类以及剂量,当出血无法控制或可能威胁生命时,应立即停药,并给予新鲜血小板输注等治疗。

对于血栓事件高风险的患者(如BMS置入1个月或DES置入≤3个月),应积极采用内镜下止血治疗,并尽可能保留DAPT。

对于溃疡性出血复发危险较高的患者,应该给予阿司匹林联合PPI治疗;

禁用静脉止血剂、抗纤溶剂(如止血敏、止血芳酸等)。

■ 终止DAPT策略后的替代方案

溃疡出血复发高危者,阿司匹林+PPI比更换氯吡格雷证据更充分;

目前无证据显示其他抗血小板药物能有效代替阿司匹林;

低分子肝素桥接治疗证据不足;

恢复使用抗栓药物的时机。

满足以下条件考虑出血已经得到控制,5天后可以恢复使用抗血小板药物:① 血流动力学稳定;② 不输血情况下,血红蛋白稳定;③ BUN不继续升高;④ 肠鸣音不活跃;⑤ 便潜血转阴(非必需条件)。

随时进行风险再评估及时启动DAPT治疗:出血高危或消化道病变严重者停药时间可能需要延长1个月甚至更长;PPI+内镜止血,观察24h无出血,开始抗血小板治疗+PPI,同时要密切监测溃疡出血复发的可能。

■ 上消化道出血再出血的预防与处理

① 内镜止血后再出血的预测因素:再行内镜止血、经导管动脉栓塞和外科手术,往往需要多学科联合决策;

② 重新评估NSAIDs是否应该继续服用:对于长期应用NSAIDs导致的溃疡性出血者;

③ 检测并治疗根除幽门螺杆菌:需长期服用抗栓药物并且有消化性溃疡病史者,定期复查便潜血以及血常规,及早发现出血并发症。

■ 消化道出血时PPI的临床应用

① 具有高危消化道出血风险的ACS患者(包括老年人、服用华法林、糖皮质激素或者非甾体类抗炎药等),推荐服用PPI联合氯吡格雷与阿司匹林的DAPT。

② 既往有消化道出血史的ACS患者进行抗血小板治疗时应服用PPI,如在DAPT基础上可合用PPI 3-6个月,其后可考虑继续或间断服用。

③ DAPT期间发生胃肠道出血的患者,如必须停用一种抗血小板药物,则首先停用氯吡格雷,必要时停用两种抗血小板药物,病情稳定后,3-5天恢复氯吡格雷,5-7天后恢复阿司匹林。

④ 服用替格瑞洛发生消化道出血的患者,出血稳定后,可以换用氯吡格雷维持治疗。必要时可联用PPI。

最近有研究提示,氯吡格雷长期联合PPI治疗会增加心脏发生事件发生率,因此应用时要全面评估收益与风险,个体化决定氯吡格雷联合PPI治疗的使用。

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    2018-01-13 xtdaqy1314

    非常喜欢.谢谢

    0

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  3. [GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=278051, encodeId=77462e8051e9, content=非常喜欢.谢谢, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=63, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=83462128856, createdName=xtdaqy1314, createdTime=Sat Jan 13 08:59:35 CST 2018, time=2018-01-13, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=1464545, encodeId=c8e3146454513, content=<a href='/topic/show?id=32e765e6591' target=_blank style='color:#2F92EE;'>#消化道#</a>, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=40, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[TopicDto(id=65765, encryptionId=32e765e6591, topicName=消化道)], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=7b6e6676048, createdName=changhe715, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 12:42:00 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253263, encodeId=763d2532639b, content=资讯文章怎样收藏?, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=69, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/oLAjfB7s1ib2JlGvwpAibiaovVhfA9DbO7X7JLGGjM4Cic6oMgxLdnuS9piaP9cnG2OwIbkzHvX0qzS1boibyYNqR5vHZu7HQs5EIB/0, createdBy=298d1398341, createdName=lou.minghong, createdTime=Mon Oct 16 05:07:39 CST 2017, time=2017-10-16, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253071, encodeId=9c122530e149, content=很好很好很好, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=84, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/10/07/8c1e5a0085f3b74f3a4ab58a38a3d487.jpg, createdBy=b33e2159612, createdName=2227437833_79976374, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 08:31:55 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253036, encodeId=999e253036a8, content=学习了提高了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=60, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://cdnapi.center.medsci.cn/medsci/head/2017/09/21/39b6a0099eb602e8ac1f7e10d5d440a9.jpg, createdBy=dee01724555, createdName=杨利洪, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 07:38:20 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=253007, encodeId=428325300e63, content=学习了很多先进的医疗技术, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=55, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=http://cacheapi.medsci.cn/resource/upload/20161027/IMG58114E1818EA51495.jpg, createdBy=4b2c1959822, createdName=雅文博武, createdTime=Sun Oct 15 07:11:45 CST 2017, time=2017-10-15, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252937, encodeId=7b8325293e91, content=很好.学习了.谢谢讲者.也谢谢梅斯医学.要是能有视频就更好了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=39, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=, createdBy=c7052030458, createdName=1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称), createdTime=Sat Oct 14 23:21:10 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=), GetPortalCommentsPageByObjectIdResponse(id=252929, encodeId=68e52529291b, content=谢谢分享.学习了, beContent=null, objectType=article, channel=null, level=null, likeNumber=32, replyNumber=0, topicName=null, topicId=null, topicList=[], attachment=null, authenticateStatus=null, createdAvatar=https://wx.qlogo.cn/mmopen/Q3auHgzwzM4o2XVpJ6449yqDsjibydI5HnJ8MibGxNn4HZiaZib0bdfibbwoz3KQrIyN9AGxq36ZlZRNicYlPfOOWMtwgsajY6mGNFiaPclFdowjD0/0, createdBy=97bd1338592, createdName=清风拂面, createdTime=Sat Oct 14 22:59:16 CST 2017, time=2017-10-14, status=1, ipAttribution=)]
    2017-10-16 lou.minghong

    资讯文章怎样收藏?

    0

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    2017-10-15 2227437833_79976374

    很好很好很好

    0

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    2017-10-15 杨利洪

    学习了提高了

    0

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    2017-10-15 雅文博武

    学习了很多先进的医疗技术

    0

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    2017-10-14 1e2332e9m29(暂无匿称)

    很好.学习了.谢谢讲者.也谢谢梅斯医学.要是能有视频就更好了

    0

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    2017-10-14 清风拂面

    谢谢分享.学习了

    0

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