Eur Heart J:多学科讨论:血钾浓度与慢性心衰患者死亡有何关系?

2017-11-15 石岩 环球医学

心衰的流行正在增加,这是一个重大的医疗保健问题。即便改善了治疗方案,死亡率和发病率仍然很高。一些药物会使慢性心衰患者的钾稳态受损,低钾血症和高钾血症可能都与不良结局相关。2017年10月,发表在《Eur Heart J》的一项由丹麦科学家进行的研究,考察了血清钾浓度与慢性心衰患者死亡率的关系。

心衰的流行正在增加,这是一个重大的医疗保健问题。即便改善了治疗方案,死亡率和发病率仍然很高。一些药物会使慢性心衰患者的钾稳态受损,低钾血症和高钾血症可能都与不良结局相关。2017年10月,发表在《Eur Heart J》的一项由丹麦科学家进行的研究,考察了血清钾浓度与慢性心衰患者死亡率的关系。请看本期多学科讨论组临床药师各抒己见为您梳理本文看点——

目的:慢性心衰患者的药物治疗会增加钾稳态受损的风险。研究人员考察了不同血钾浓度与慢性心衰患者死亡率之间的相关性。

方法和结果:从丹麦国家注册库,研究人员识别出19549名慢性心衰患者,这些患者在服用袢利尿剂和血管紧张素转换酶抑制剂或血管紧张素II受体拮抗剂后90天内进行血钾测量。根据8个预先设定的钾浓度考察全因死亡率:2.8~3.4?mmol/L,3.5~3.8?mmol/L,3.9~4.1?mmol/L,4.2~4.4?mmol/L,4.5~4.7?mmol/L,4.8~5.0?mmol/L,5.1~5.5?mmol/L和5.6~7.4?mmol/L。血钾检测后90天随访。研究人员采用多变量调整Cox比例危险模型估算全因死亡的风险,以正常血钾浓度4.2~4.4 mmol/L作为参照。90日后,8个分层的死亡率分别是14.4、8.0、6.3、5.0、5.8、7.9、10.3和21.1%。在多变量校正分析中,血钾水平为2.8~3.4mmol/L [风险比(HR)为3.16;置信区间(CI)为2.43~4.11]、3.5~3.8mmol/L(HR,1.62;CI,1.31~1.99)、3.9~4.1mmol/L(HR,1.29;CI,1.08~1.55)、4.8~5.0?mmol/L(HR,1.34;CI,1.1~1.63)、5.1~5.5mmol/L(HR,1.60;CI,1.29~1.97)和5.6~7.4mmol/L(HR,3.31;CI,2.61~4.20)的患者全因死亡风险会增加。

结论:比正常血钾浓度较低和较高的水平(分别为3.5~4.1 mmol/L和4.8~5.0 mmol/L)与慢性心衰患者短期死亡风险显着增加相关。同样地,血钾浓度低于3.5 mmol/L和高于5.0 mmol/L也与死亡率增加相关。

多学科讨论记实

研究表明,低钾血症和高钾血症与死亡率增加高度相关。此外,研究数据表明,慢性心衰竭患者的血钾浓度低和高于正常水平也与90天全因死亡率增加相关,并且入组后20天内死亡率过高的证据也很明显。最“安全”的血钾浓度区间为4.1~4.8mmol / L。

既往研究中,几项回顾性分析都表明,4 mmol / L以下的血钾浓度与死亡率过高相关。尽管没有直接分析血钾浓度对死亡率的影响,但利尿剂引起的钾损耗已被认为是慢性心衰患者节律性死亡的潜在原因。

研究具有一些局限性。由于观察性的设计,研究人员不能排除残余混杂因素对结果的影响,因此如果血钾浓度反映心力衰竭的严重程度,这可能会产生影响。每名心衰患者的射血分数信息不可用。因此,研究人员不能根据降低或不变的射血分数等细分心衰人群。此外,研究人员缺少可用的心电图数据,因此无法检查心衰患者是否有左束支传导阻滞等问题。没有评估死亡机制。在这个全国范围的登记研究中,研究人员不能合理确定是否是心律失常性死亡。因为在某些情况下,使用以前的心脏诊断作为死因记录。这可能会导致过高地估计了心血管死亡风险。由于研究人员在诊断出心衰后很短的时间内考察死亡率,没有发现区分心血管死亡和非心血管死亡有何益处。研究纳入同质人群——丹麦患者,所以不知道研究结果对于其他人种是否适用。

原始出处

Mette Aldahl  Anne-Sofie Caroline Jensen  Line Davidsen, et al. Associations of serum potassium levels with mortality in chronic heart failure patients. European Heart Journal, Volume 38, Issue 38, 7 October 2017, Pages 2890–2896, https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehx460.

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    2017-11-17 slcumt

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