第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤1例

2018-04-17 张宗强 张家湧 段鸿洲 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志

第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤较为罕见。北京大学第一医院2016年6月收治1例第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤病人,治疗效果良好,总结分析诊疗经验,现报告如下。

【病例摘要】

第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤较为罕见。北京大学第一医院2016年6月收治1例第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤病人,治疗效果良好,总结分析诊疗经验,现报告如下。

【一般资料】

男,16岁;

【主诉】

因头痛头晕2个月、加重1个月入院。

【现病史】

病人2个月前无明显诱因出现后枕部胀痛,间断发作,劳累或活动后明显,并时感头晕,伴行走不稳。近1个月病人头痛、头晕加重,并间断出现恶心。

【体格检查】

右侧鼻唇沟稍浅,右侧口角稍低。余神经系统查体无异常。

【辅助检查】

头部MRI检查显示:第四脑室内一占位性病变,大小约2.7cm×2.2cm×1.9cm,与脑干之间边界清楚,小脑蚓部受压向后推移;MRIT1像为等和稍低信号,T2像为稍高信号影,DWI呈高信号;增强扫描显示病灶呈轻度强化,内可见片状无强化区。

【治疗】

完善相关检查后,病人于全身麻醉下行枕下后正中入路第四脑室病变切除术。术中发现病灶位于小脑蚓部下方,灰白色,质软,边界清,突向第四脑室,血运不丰富。切开小脑蚓部,沿肿瘤边界仔细分离后分块切除肿瘤,确认完全切除后止血、修补硬膜并常规关颅。术后病人恢复良好,无明显手术并发症。术后CT及MRI检查显示肿瘤完全切除,无明显脑积水。术后病理显示:肿瘤细胞密集性增生,呈实性片状或梁索状排列,细胞中度异形,可见散在钙化。肿瘤易见薄壁血管,部分肿瘤细胞胞质空亮,类似少突胶质细胞样。免疫组化显示:AE1/AE3、Vim、Oligo-2、Nestin、NF、EMA、P53、CD99均为阴性,S-100(+++),GFAP局部(++),NSE(+++),Neun(++),BCL-2散在(+),Ki-67大部分区域不高于5%,周边局灶偏高30%。病理诊断为中枢神经细胞瘤(WHOⅡ级)。术后病人未进行放化疗,门诊随访6个月,病人一般状况良好,KPS评分100分,复查MRI显示:肿瘤完全切除,未见残留及复发。




图1 枕下后正中入路切除第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤。1A术前MRIT1像显示:等和稍低信号影,内可见更低信号影1B术前MRI增强扫描显示:病灶呈轻度强化,内可见片状无强化区1C术后MRI显示:肿瘤完全切除,无明显脑积水1D术后6个月复查MRI显示:肿瘤切除完全,未见残留及复发1E病理图片(苏木精-伊红染色×100)

【讨论】

中枢神经细胞瘤的临床表现中枢神经细胞瘤为WHOⅡ级神经元肿瘤。目前研究发现中枢神经细胞瘤大多生长于侧脑室和第三脑室,其细胞起源于神经胶质祖细胞(具有分化为神经元和胶质细胞的潜能),且过量表达胚胎神经细胞黏附分子,因此,推测其发生可能由于胚胎期神经细胞基因表达异常,进一步分化缺失所致[3]。中枢神经细胞瘤以中青年多见,发病高峰在20~30岁,男女比例为1∶1,平均病程3~7个月。由于肿瘤位于Monro孔附近,临床上主要表现为非交通性脑积水引起的颅内压增高症状。部分病人因肿瘤累及额叶产生反应迟钝、摸索现象、强握反射阳性等额叶症状,可有嗅觉异常或嗅觉丧失和幻嗅等。肿瘤位于侧脑室体部三角区时,部分病人可有偏瘫或偏身感觉障碍。中枢神经细胞瘤常出现于侧脑室,亦有肿瘤单独位于第三脑室、侧脑室颞角、第四脑室及同时累及第三、四脑室及中脑导水管的报道。第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤极其罕见,本例病人无明显脑积水表现,肿瘤周围水肿亦较轻,未见其他部位的中枢神经细胞瘤。2.2中枢神经细胞瘤的影像学特征在MRI上,中枢神经细胞瘤一般表现为边界清楚,T1像等或低信号,T2像高信号,增强呈不均匀强化的结节状肿块。如肿瘤巨大,因其内可出现多发囊变而形成“气球征”。在DWI序列,肿瘤常表现为不均匀高信号影。若肿瘤血供丰富,其内亦可见血管流空信号、脑室旁T2高信号以及肿瘤内出血等信号改变。CT常表现为类圆形、较大、边缘不规则的等或稍高密度肿块,约50%的中枢神经细胞瘤合并钙化,大多数病人有脑积水改变。2.3中枢神经细胞瘤的治疗中枢神经细胞瘤的治疗以手术为主,若能做到手术全切除,可获得良好的治疗效果。对于病情进展迅速、脑积水严重的病人,可行脑室穿刺外引流术,亦可行脑室-腹腔分流术或第三脑室底造瘘术。若手术不能全切,术后辅以局部放疗能明显增加局部控制率。亦有研究报道伽玛刀治疗能明显增加残留肿瘤的控制率。本例病人肿瘤位于第四脑室内,位置罕见。该部位肿瘤应与髓母细胞瘤、室管膜瘤及小脑胶质细胞瘤相鉴别。鉴别主要依赖术后病理检测及电镜观察。本例通过手术全切除肿瘤,术后复查影像学满意,未再行进一步放疗。作者认为:对第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤,完整手术切除辅以术后严密观察及定期影像学随访,可达良好预后。

原始出处:

张宗强, 张家湧, 段鸿洲,等. 第四脑室中枢神经细胞瘤1例[J]. 中国微侵袭神经外科杂志, 2017, 22(10):467-468.

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    2018-04-19 tastas