小心美国的精准医学概念

2015-06-09 孙学军 孙学军博客

2015年1月20日,美国总统Barack Obama在国情咨文中正式宣布了一个名为精准医学计划(Precision MedicineInitiative)的项目。他表示,美国已经消除了脊髓灰质炎,亦已绘制出了人类基因组图谱,希望这项计划能在合适的时间给予患者合适的治疗,能继续引领医学进入全新的时代。 美国总统不愧是“超级销售经理”,拿出区区2亿美圆,将美国NIH的精准医学概念成功推销出去,科学

2015年1月20日,美国总统Barack Obama在国情咨文中正式宣布了一个名为精准医学计划(Precision MedicineInitiative)的项目。他表示,美国已经消除了脊髓灰质炎,亦已绘制出了人类基因组图谱,希望这项计划能在合适的时间给予患者合适的治疗,能继续引领医学进入全新的时代。

美国总统不愧是“超级销售经理”,拿出区区2亿美圆,将美国NIH的精准医学概念成功推销出去,科学家网著名博主韩健老师认为,表面上是美国总统在发表演说,其实背后有基因测序公司借机推广基因诊断方面的影子,另外许多医药公司也在背后偷乐,因为这是一次向全世界推广最新靶向治疗的最精彩广告。美国总统提出这个概念,一下子让全世界许多人知道,恶性肿瘤治疗效果不理想,是因为精确性不够,只要能用序列测定的方法找到特定突变,采用针对这些突变的特定药物,治疗效果就会提高。这必然会让美国的相关公司的盈利水平大大提高。

当然美国总体提出这样的概念也是有证据的,比如最近就有学者在新英格兰医学发表论文,提出为什么PD-1阻断对只对黑色素瘤和肺癌效果好,对大肠癌效果差,作者认为是基因突变的数量不够多,没有启动足够的PD-1系统阻断肿瘤杀伤淋巴细胞,只要基因突变数量足够多,效果就会好。按照这个逻辑找到了符合标准的目标大肠癌和其他类型肿瘤患者,经过临床治疗研究,证明效果确实不错,没有这种情况的效果就不好。当然也有许多其他关于精准治疗的研究报道。

不过我们需要明白,无论基因序列检测,还是靶向药物,最终能获得巨大利润的是美国等西方国家的基因序列测定服务和销售药物的医药公司。

从道理上说,象这种相对比较专业的问题和概念,应该是学术上的事情。现在的时代已经不是简单工业时代,生物技术已经成为美国非常重要的经济活动和支柱产业,作为美国总统,他非常清楚这一点。因此,先前的转化医学概念,大脑研究计划和这次的精准医疗,无不是围绕生物技术这个经济利润中心服务的,当然也能同时产生收买人心的效果,毕竟关于健康和医学的问题,永远是受公众支持的话题。

精准医学是还原论的典型代表,是从分子水平上认识生命和疾病,从分子水平上认识疾病是一种很好的手段,但绝对不是全部,因为所有分子简单合并不等于生命。我们经常使用基因动物模型,例如某个基因缺乏导致动脉硬化等疾病,采用一些治疗措施,这些治疗虽然不是针对这些基因的特定方法,而效果依然有效。因此,基因缺陷不等于一定发生某些疾病,疾病发生远不是分子能完全解释的。既如此,面对复杂的生命和疾病,所有还原论论调都需要慎重对待。

即使只说精准本身,也并不是那么有底气。奥巴马提出的精准,仅是针对肿瘤,这主要是因为两点,一是关于肿瘤发生的基因突变研究最多,其实当然是因为基因序列测定取得的巨大成绩,二是针对肿瘤的基因突变药物最多。美国提出这个概念,确实能产生宣传和促进市场的效果,因此奥巴马提出的时机确实比较好。既然只是针对肿瘤,那么人类面临的医学问题更重要的并不是肿瘤,心脑血管疾病、糖尿病等代谢性疾病和神经退行性疾病仍然是人类健康领域的更大问题,对这些疾病,因为问题主要在功能层面上,精准医学的可能性小,或者根本不可能。因此美国总统也只能退而求次,在恶性肿瘤上做文章了。

最近一个非常有名的新发现就是在老年人的眼睑皮肤细胞上发现大量和恶性肿瘤一样的基因突变,而这些皮肤细胞并没有发生任何肿瘤,属于正常组织。既然正常组织都可以存在大量突变,那么所谓恶性突变作为治疗靶点的怎么能算精准,如何能让人放心不会误伤正常组织。现代医学认为,基因突变对于恶性肿瘤的发生,尽管重要,并不是全部原因,否则只需要将每个人的所有组织的基因进行序列检测,只要有足够的手段(还没有),那么恶性肿瘤的问题似乎就可以完全解决,这显然是过于乐观。而且同样的基因序列,也有表观遗传学差异的存在。我们对人人类,对于生命现象,对于疾病发生,都完全没有进入自由王国,许多所谓发现和规律,都不成体系,甚至不符合逻辑,距离完全解决疾病问题的目的仍有长远距离。

前几年,美国总统奥巴马还提出过转化医学的概念,随后中国大陆涌现出大量转化医学机构、学术会议和组织。这次美国提出精准医学的概念,立马就有许多中国的学术会议挂上这个概念,显然去年还没有这个计划,多属于临时改的概念。如果有足够的自信,中国学者们应该是勇敢地提出新概念,也好让我们的政府和国家领导人弄一些新名词展示给世界,当然不能单纯为概念而概念,也要围绕国家经济和战略目的。一带一路和亚洲发展投资银行的概念就很不错,很接地气,治未病的概念虽然是来自传统医学,总好过没有概念。相对于精准医学,我更喜欢整合医学和功能医学,从整体上认识生命,认识疾病,在哲学上就高过这种以还原论为基础的精准医学概念。医学上的成功最终需要用效果来考量,让我们耐心等待将来的结果。

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    2015-06-10 summer474cn

    中国不要跟着美国走!每个人有自己的路!国家也一样!

    0

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    2015-06-10 summer474cn

    美国人少当然可行!

    0

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    2015-06-09 I+am+super

    可行

    0

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    2015-06-09 huaxipanxing

    看看

    0

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    2015-06-09 yydlt

    美国医学还是很发达的!

    0

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