脑血管造影术的前世今生

2015-08-12 佚名 脑血管病预防与治疗

脑血管造影术的前世 脑血管造影术是一种可以提供脑部血管影像的血管造影术,因此可以探知到诸如动静脉畸形和动脉瘤等脑部血管异常。它是一种通过计算机把血管造影片上的骨与软组织的影像消除,仅在影像片上突出血管的一种摄影技术。1927年由葡萄牙医学家安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯发明,他同时也发明了脑血管造影术需要用到的造影剂。方法是用一个导管插入一条大动脉(例如颈动脉和股动脉),然后通过循

脑血管造影术的前世

脑血管造影术是一种可以提供脑部血管影像的血管造影术,因此可以探知到诸如动静脉畸形和动脉瘤等脑部血管异常。它是一种通过计算机把血管造影片上的骨与软组织的影像消除,仅在影像片上突出血管的一种摄影技术。1927年由葡萄牙医学家安东尼奥·埃加斯·莫尼斯发明,他同时也发明了脑血管造影术需要用到的造影剂。方法是用一个导管插入一条大动脉(例如颈动脉和股动脉),然后通过循环系统使其达到颈动脉和椎动脉,并将造影剂下从此处注入,在其到达脑部动脉系统后拍下一系列照片,直到到达静脉系统完全显现及结束。早期由于创伤较大,DSA机器性能有限,图像质量也受限制,检查范围也较小。

脑血管造影术的今生

通过近百年的发展,主要包括数字血管减影(Digtal Subtraction Angiography,DSA)机器和介入材料的进步,脑血管造影术的发展迅速,并作为目前诊断脑血管病的金标准在临床上广泛使用,成为诊断脑血管病的“金标准”。本检查要优于B超、CTA或MRA检查,这些检查可以作为行DSA检查前的筛选工具,但不能完全替代。通过DSA检查,我们能够准确地了解血管病变的数目、位置、大小、形态、与周围血管的关系,也可初步预测/了解疾病的发展:出血的风险、梗塞的风险等,是否需要进行干预、怎么干预等等。它的独特优点是:1、超选择性血管内显影;2、动态显示脑循环全时程,及血管代偿情况;3、3D显示更多的解剖细节,脑血流动力学显示动力学信息(4D-DSA)。


脑血管造影是怎么一回事?

脑血管造影是检查,还是手术?脑血管造影是一种有创的检查术,也是多种介入手术的基础。

什么情况下需要做DSA?

①颅内血管性疾病,如动脉粥样硬化、栓塞、狭窄、闭塞性疾病、动脉病、动静脉畸形、动脉夹层、动静脉瘘、moyamoya病、Takayasu病、外伤性脑血管损伤等。寻找脑出血与脑梗塞原因。

②颅内占位性病变,如颅内肿瘤、血肿等,了解肿瘤血供及与血管关系。

③怀疑有静脉性脑血管病者。

④手术后观察脑血管循环状态,或头面部及颅内血管性或肿瘤性疾病治疗后复查。

DSA到底如何做?

①如果病人能配合(有自主行为能力、意识清楚)的病人只要局部麻醉就行了,但对于躁动不安的(如意识不清的)、年龄过小等,考虑检查过程中可能会乱动,影响造影质量,我们需要全麻。

②做造影的年龄:目前尚无明确的年龄限制,就是说只要能耐受均可考虑DSA检查。当然,做检查前必要的检查指标(心电图、胸片、血常规、肝肾功能、电解质、凝血功能等)没有明显禁忌才能检查。对于是否服用阿司匹林等抗凝药物无明显禁忌,但如果存在全身动脉粥样硬化病人,应重视,可能穿刺或路径困难。

③一般用2-3ml的局麻药物在穿刺点(一般是一侧腹股沟下约1cm)处麻醉穿刺点,然后穿刺股动脉,在穿刺成功后,用一根专用的造影管子在动脉血管内一直到达颈部,颈部双侧有供应头部的血管开口(一般是6根:双侧椎动脉、双侧颈内动脉、双侧颈外动脉)。将专用的造影管子放入动脉开口约2cm左右,然后摆好位置,通过注射造影剂,就能准确的知道该血管的大小、形态、有无病变等情况。

DSA危险性到底有多大?

DSA严格来说是一个有创的检查,但只要是有创的就会有风险,但从临床上看在严格操作下出现并发症的风险很小很小,几乎可以忽略不计。但正因为是有创的,我们应知道在行DSA之前应做血管相关的无创检查,包括:颈动脉、椎动脉、锁骨下动脉开口B超,颅内TCD(经颅多谱勒超声),头颅MRA和CTA,如果这些检查提示存在脑血管异常,或需进一步的细节时可考虑行DSA检查。

①DSA的神经系统并发症最常见的是缺血性事件,继发于导管、导丝引起的血栓栓塞或气栓。其他原因包括粥样硬化性板块破裂及血管杂层等。其他较少见的神经系统并发症包括短暂性皮等盲和健忘症等。极少数血管造影因为颅内压力的轻微变化,可能会诱发动脉瘤、血管畸形等破裂,但几率很小。国内外目前统计,总的神经系统并发症发生率为0.8%,永久性的为0.07%,意思就是一万个造影病人可能会有7个会出现永久的神经功能障碍。目前在我们医院,尚无发生因血管造影出现神经功能障碍的病例。

②非神经系统并发症:经股动脉的脑血管造影的非神经系统并发症包括:腹股沟及腹膜后血肿、过敏反应、股动脉假性动脉瘤、下肢血栓栓塞、肾病、肺栓塞。目前国内外对造影的回顾分析中,血肿发生率0.04%,皮肤过敏0.1%。我院出现上述情况略低于上数据。

DSA术后如何处理?

①卧床 穿刺侧下肢伸直及制动,一般需要不能弯曲24小时,也就是24小时内大小便需要在床上解决,目前有一种专门用于封堵术后血管穿刺口的材料,能够使病人提前至4小时下床。同时有条件的病人可以多饮水,加速造影剂的排除。

②术后要定期检查穿刺部位及其远段的动脉搏动,以便及时发现有时下肢血栓形成,一般每15分钟一次,一共4次,然后每30分钟一次,共2次,然后每1小时一次,共2次。如果出现如下情况及时通知医生:a、穿刺部位出血或血肿形成;b、穿刺;远端搏动触不到。

③生命体征监测:开始每1小时一次,连续2次,然后每2小时一次,连续2次,最后改每4小时一次,直到24小时。

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    2015-11-11 yzh399
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    2015-08-14 sodoo
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