Nat Rev Neurol:那他珠单抗-芬戈莫德多发性硬化转换疗法的评估

2014-05-28 佚名 丁香园

近日Nature杂志子刊Nat. Rev. Neurol 新闻与观点一栏,就法国尼斯大学Cohen 博士等学者于2014年4月发表在JAMA Neurol 杂志上的多发性硬化(MS)转换疗法——那他珠单抗转换为芬戈莫德治疗一文,进行了评价与讨论。具体内容如下:那他珠单抗被批准用于多发性硬化症的治疗,开启了高效免疫调节新时代。遗憾的是,并非所有患者对那他珠单抗治疗均反应良好,并且它的益处也被进展性多

近日Nature杂志子刊Nat. Rev. Neurol 新闻与观点一栏,就法国尼斯大学Cohen 博士等学者于2014年4月发表在JAMA Neurol 杂志上的多发性硬化(MS)转换疗法——那他珠单抗转换为芬戈莫德治疗一文,进行了评价与讨论。


具体内容如下:那他珠单抗被批准用于多发性硬化症的治疗,开启了高效免疫调节新时代。遗憾的是,并非所有患者对那他珠单抗治疗均反应良好,并且它的益处也被进展性多灶性脑白质病(PML)的发生风险所掩盖。Cohen 博士及其团队开展了一项多中心研究,围绕MS患者转换治疗(那他珠单抗转变为芬尼莫得治疗)的安全性及实用性,尤其就MS复发风险,进行评估。

研究者前瞻性收集了36个研究中心内,333例那他珠单抗转换为芬戈莫德治疗的MS患者。这些接受转换治疗的患者,大多因惧怕那他珠单抗引起进行性多灶性白质脑病(PML)的发生,其中至少有两个疾病相关风险因素的患者多于65%.其它常见停用那他珠单抗的原因包括:患者认为该药物缺乏疗效、药物副作用及中和抗体的产生。

研究方案涉及了芬戈莫德使用前那他珠单抗的清除期研究。并且结果提示,那他珠单抗转换为芬戈莫德的间隔期应小于3个月。

“那他珠单抗清除期不利于患者健康的证据逐渐增多”

疾病复发最重要的风险因素是清除期的长短,之前有研究证实:恢复治疗的等待期超过6个月的患者中59.1%之多会出现疾病复发。其它危险因素包括在那他珠单抗治疗前的高复发率,以及那他珠单抗耐受性低或疗效差。

遗憾的是,这项研究并未提供那他珠单抗治疗期间每年MS复发率的数据。但仅在芬戈莫德治疗期间对1/3的患者进行小于6个月短期随访,就发现疾病复发风险达20%.近期有研究确认了那他珠单抗药物清除期疾病复发的风险。其临床数据纳入了89名国际登记确定的那他珠单抗转换为芬戈莫德治疗的MS患者。结果显示清除期小于2个月的的患者MS复发率显著降低。另一项于近期会议上发表的成果,检测转换疗法中药物间隔期分别为1、8、12、16个月的MS患者疾病复发率,发现疾病复发风险同药物清除期长度成正比。

另外接受那他珠单抗的MS患者中,需要权衡PML发生可能与疾病复发风险。近期一项风险分层算法归纳出3项那他珠单抗相关PML发病的危险因素:(1)抗JCV抗体的存在;(2)长期使用那他珠单抗(超过2年);(3)其他免疫抑制剂治疗史。

同时具有三项风险因素的患者有1:90PML发病的预计风险,因此应该建议这些高危患者停止那他珠单抗的使用。当患者只有一项或两项风险因素时,应该通过密切监测来决定转换治疗是否应该实施以及具体转换时机。

遗憾的是,这些研究的结果,并未给患者及其神经科医生提供临床神经免疫学中最迫切问题的答案:对使用那他珠单抗的患者,想要或需要停止治疗时的“退出策略”具体是什么?免疫学和药理学数据显示,那他珠单抗治疗的间断是不可取的。尤其有证据显示,清除期的延长不利于患者健康。

并且,前面的研究都没能解决一个问题——停止那他珠单抗治疗的患者是否会导致已取得的疗效丧失。目前同样未知的是,治疗间断期出现的神经功能缺陷能否逆转。考虑到那他珠单抗停止使用的不确定性,我们应该考虑重叠治疗来代替治疗间断。

在停用那他珠单抗后,疾病的复发以一种可预测的方式,可以药物生物学效应来解释。

那他珠单抗是有效治疗复发型MS患者的药物。通过调节抗原-反应性白细胞远离中枢神经系统进入外周血中(1),外周血中白细胞有更多炎症表型(2)。相反的,芬戈莫德为鞘氨醇-1-磷酸受体调节剂(3),通过阻止淋巴结中淋巴细胞的外溢(主要为CD4辅助T细胞),以减少淋巴细胞对中枢神经系统的浸润。

一项研究显示,那他珠单抗的治疗使外周血液表达的CD19+成熟B细胞增加2—3倍,并且同预处理水平相比,未成熟的CD19+CD10+ 前B细胞增加7.4倍。还有研究显示,那他珠单抗治疗6个月,可导致产生细胞因子IFNγ 、肿瘤坏死因子TNF、白细胞介素IL17细胞的数目增加。患者停用那他珠单抗后疾病的复发,同脑脊液中CD4+/CD8+细胞重构相关。

相反的芬戈莫德主要阻止CD4+辅助性T细胞,而那他珠单抗治疗期增加的炎症前体细胞——可能不会被影响。如此一来,在那他珠单抗停止后立刻开始芬戈莫德的治疗可能不会导致混合免疫抑制效果。而且,芬戈莫德的立即治疗可能会通过阻止淋巴组织中CD4+T 细胞的髓鞘反应,减轻MS疾病活性。

在设计试验时,随访治疗的生理学机制也应该被考虑进去,并且患者应该通过实验室及影像学方法进行严格检查,探究干预治疗前任何PML相关证据。那他珠单抗的单独治疗将导致PML风险增加,即使在停药后,并且无论序贯疗法是否使用。找到合适治疗策略,以保证在那他珠单抗停用后MS患者的安全与健康,依然任重而道远。

原始出处:

Martin Stangel,Olaf Stüve.Multiple sclerosis: Natalizumab to fingolimod—the washout whitewash.Nature Reviews Neurology May 20 2014. doi:10.1038/nrneurol.2014.82

Cohen M1, Maillart E2, Tourbah A3, De Sèze J4, Vukusic S5, Brassat D6, Anne O7, Wiertlewski S8, Camu W9, Courtois S10, Ruet A11, Debouverie M12, Le Page E13, Casez O14, Heinzlef O15, Stankoff B16, Bourre B17, Castelnovo G18, Rico A19, Berger E20, Camdessanche JP21, Defer G22, Clavelou P23, Al Khedr A24, Zephir H25, Fromont A26, Papeix C2, Brochet B10, Pelletier J18, Lebrun C1; Club Francophone de la Sclérose en Plaques Investigators.Switching from natalizumab to fingolimod in multiple sclerosis: a French prospective study.JAMA Neurol. 2014 Apr;71(4):436-41. doi: 10.1001/jamaneurol.2013.6240.



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    2015-03-20 jml2009
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    2015-04-27 yinhl1978
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    2015-04-29 liye789132251
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