李广平:ICD/CRT-P/CRT-D植入指征的变化与临床个体化

2014-07-31 李广平 门诊

一、ICD/CRT-P/CRT-D植入指征的变化 早在2006年中华医学会心电生理与起搏分会《心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的建议》和ACC/AHA/HRS 2008年《心脏节律异常器械治疗指南CRT治疗建议》认为,在最佳药物治疗基础上NYHA心功能Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的心衰患者,在植入永久起搏器或ICD时,若预 期需长时期心室起搏可考虑植入CRT,但是仅作为Ⅱb类指征(证据水平:C)。2

一、ICD/CRT-P/CRT-D植入指征的变化

早在2006年中华医学会心电生理与起搏分会《心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的建议》和ACC/AHA/HRS 2008年《心脏节律异常器械治疗指南CRT治疗建议》认为,在最佳药物治疗基础上NYHA心功能Ⅰ或Ⅱ级的心衰患者,在植入永久起搏器或ICD时,若预 期需长时期心室起搏可考虑植入CRT,但是仅作为Ⅱb类指征(证据水平:C)。2009年中华医学会心电生理与起搏分会的专家共识将MYHA心功能分级Ⅱ 级,QRS间期≥120 ms,左心室射血分数(LVEF)≤35%的患者可以应用CRT-P治疗,并将其列入Ⅱa类适应证。

2009年中华医学会心电生理与起搏分会《心脏再同步化治疗慢性心力衰竭的建议》将经充分药物治疗后NYHA分级Ⅱ级,QRS时限≥120 ms,LVEF≤35%的患者可行CRT-D/CRT-P治疗,并将其列为Ⅱa类适应证。美国ACC/AHA/HRS 2008年《心脏节律异常器械治疗指南CRT治疗建议》认为,在最佳药物治疗的基础上NYHA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的心衰患者,在植入永久起搏器或ICD时,若预 期需长时期心室起搏可考虑植入CRT,但仅作为Ⅱb类建议,但是,该指南MADIT-CRT和RAFT研究发表前公布的。最近刚刚公布的欧洲CRT治疗指 南建议对于NYHA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级的心衰患者,如果QRS时限≥150 ms,LVEF≤35%,窦性心律,在经过最佳的药物治疗基础上,可以作为CRT-P/CRT-D的Ⅰa类适应证,A级证据。

在2010年欧洲心脏病年会(ESC)上, Kenneth Dickstein教授报告了心室同步化起搏器/心室同步化起搏-电复律除颤器(CRT-P/CRT-D)植入的最新观点,对2010年欧洲指南的更新作 了解读。对NYHA心功能分级Ⅲ~Ⅳ级的心力衰竭(HF)患者,对心功能状态良好,预计生存期1年以上的,应该植入CRT-D治疗,对合并完全性左束支传 导阻滞(CLBBB)的具有最强的适应证,但是左心室扩大不能作为CRT-P/CDT-D绝对的适应证条件。对于具有常规心脏起搏适应证的HF患者,如果 NYHA心功能Ⅲ~Ⅳ级,QRS间期≥120 ms,LVEF≤35%,应该作为CRT-P/CRT-D植入的Ⅰ类适应证,证据级别A。

二、ICD/CRT-P/CRT-D植入的临床个体化

在中重度心力衰竭患者中进行的CRT临床试验中,研究者选择的试验研究终点多为患者症状的改善,如6分钟步行距离,生活质量评分和峰值耗氧量等 (InSync,MUSTIC及MIRACLE研究)或心力衰竭患者死亡率(COMPANION和CARE-HF研究)。对于中重度心力衰竭患者,CRT 可明显改善患者症状,降低远期死亡率。但是,对于NYHA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者由于症状轻微,如果将患者症状作为研究终点,可能需要很长时间的随访来观察其对 症状的改善作用。早期MIRACLE ICD Ⅱ和CONTAK研究结果显示,对NYHA分级Ⅰ~Ⅱ级患者,CRT对6分钟步行距离,生活质量评分和峰值耗氧量等心力衰竭症状终点无明显改善作用。

此次指南更新有一个重要内容, 就是对于NYHA心功能分级Ⅱ级的HF患者,如果QRS间期≥150 ms,LVEF≤35%,窦性心律,经过了最佳药物治疗的基础上,可以作为CRT-P/CRT-D植入的Ⅰa类适应证,A级证据。

对于心房颤动(AF)的HF患者,AF是影响CRT-P/CRT-D心衰治疗效果的心律失常,而临床上的HF患者的AF发生率较高。据报道,大约 20%的HF患者合并永久性AF。对于永久性AF患者植入CRT-P/CRT-D后应该有≥95%的起搏以保证心功能获益。由于对永久性AF患者心房起搏 的丧失,双心室同步化起搏至关重要,如果起搏比例较低,则CRT-P/CRT-D不能很好地发挥治疗HF的作用。因此,对永久性AF的HF患者施行房室结 消融以保证较高比例的双心室起搏十分必要。

三、关于ICD/CRT-P/CRT-D植入存在的问题

CRT-P/CRT-D治疗指南还有许多问题没有答案,例如完全性右束支传导阻滞(CRBBB)、LVEF>35%、NYHA心功能Ⅰ级以及二 尖瓣关闭不全的HF患者是否应该进行CRT-P/CRT-D治疗?对于具有心室同步化治疗指征的HF患者,如何决定采用CRT-P治疗,还是采用CRT- D治疗?如何达到A-V间期(房室同步化)和V-V间期(心室间同步化)的最优化?如何预知心室同步化治疗反应不佳的HF患者以及如何处理反应不佳的HF 患者?这些都期待进一步临床研究给我们答案。但是,对于HF患者具有CRT-P和ICD指征者,应该尽可能选择CRT-D治疗,降低HF患者的心脏性猝死 发生率。

对于ICD而言,是否所有的LVEF≤30%的患者都应该植入ICD?是否对这部分QRS≤120 ms的HF患者植入ICD就已经足够了?在2010年ESC会议上,来自意大利的Maurizio Gasparini教授认为,不论是根据临床循证医学的证据和资料,还是处于伦理学的考虑,对于LVEF≤30%的HF患者,均应该植入ICD以降低猝死 的发生。

Angllo Auricchio教授在2010年ESC会议上作了窄QRS波HF患者流行病学和临床结果的报告,对宽QRS波HF患者进行CRT-P/CRT-D治疗 时对QRS波群时限做了定义。他认为,将QRS间期<120 ms者定义为正常QRS间期;将QRS间期<150 ms者定义为窄QRS间期;将QRS间期<150 ms,但是QRS间期≥120 ms的定义为不正常的QRS间期;将QRS间期≥150 ms的定义为宽QRS间期。研究结果显示,随着QRS波时限的增加,HF患者的临床事件明显增加,生存率明显降低。但是根据这样的定义,与我们临床上传统 的QRS波群时限的定义发生了冲突,也与心室同步化治疗的概念缺少了一致性。在临床上如何评价和应用这样一个流行病学概念,也有待进一步的临床研究。

四、结 语

总之,尽管2010年ESC会议上公布和解读了HF患者CRT-P/CRT-D指南的更新,提出了新的QRS时限概念和LVEF≤30%的HF患者均 应该作为ICD植入指征的观点,但是HF患者CRT-P/CRT-D/ICD的临床植入中的问题还远没有解决,期待不断的循证医学研究,给我们提供新的证 据和指南。

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    2014-08-02 jiyangfei

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