J Alzheimer's Dis:哈佛大学权威专家:COVID-19会损害人的神经系统,引发不同程度的大脑功能损伤

2020-06-16 Lauren 转化医学网

导言:众所周知,COVID-19主要侵害患者的呼吸道,对患者的呼吸系统造成严重损伤。但近日,哈佛大学神经病学权威专家表示,COVID-19不仅会损伤人体的呼吸系统,还会损害人体的神经系统,造成不同程度

导言:众所周知,COVID-19主要侵害患者的呼吸道,对患者的呼吸系统造成严重损伤。但近日,哈佛大学神经病学权威专家表示,COVID-19不仅会损伤人体的呼吸系统,还会损害人体的神经系统,造成不同程度的大脑功能损伤。

近日,《阿尔茨海默症杂志》(The Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease)上发表了一篇论文,研究人员对COVID-19对神经系统的影响进行了全面综述,将COVID-19导致的脑损伤分为了三个阶段。北弗吉尼亚神经生长大脑健康中心的医学主任、约翰霍普金斯医学院的工作人员、全国公认的神经专家、该研究的共同作者之一马吉德·佛杜希(Majid Fotuhi)博士鼓励采用三阶段分类法,呼吁对有关COVID-19对大脑的长期影响进行更多的研究,并强调了患者在出院前需要接受脑部核磁共振(MRI)检查。

佛杜希表示,“我们了解到,大量住院的COVID-19患者存在不同程度的大脑功能损伤。作为医学界的一部分,我们需要对这些患者进行长期监控,因为他们中的一些人将来可能会出现认知能力下降、注意力缺陷、脑雾或阿尔茨海默症。我们可以做很多事情来促进COVID-19患者的大脑康复。但首先我们必须了解他们的神经功能缺损的性质和严重程度。在病人层面上,在出院前进行基线MRI是必要的,这样我们就有了评估和治疗的起点。”


SARS-Cov2:细胞作用机制。SARS-Cov2结合ACE2进入血管上皮细胞和其他多个器官的细胞。

在最近发表的文章中,佛杜希和他的同事警告称,COVID-19患者患有的神经系统问题包括中风、癫痫、意识迷糊、眩晕、麻痹和昏迷。已经有24例报道出的病例揭示了COVID-19对患者大脑的影响。事实上,来自中国武汉市的一项研究表明,45%的重症COVID-19患者有明显的神经功能缺陷。另一项来自法国的研究表明,84%的重症监护室(ICU)COVID-19患者的神经系统检测呈阳性异常,15%离开ICU的患者仍存在“执行功能障碍”,包括注意力不集中、决策和行为控制困难。

该论文提出采用三个阶段“神经冠状病毒”分类体系,为今后建立有关SARS-CoV-2和神经系统的假设和调查提供基础。这些阶段包括:

· 神经冠状病毒Ⅰ期:病毒损伤局限于口鼻上皮细胞,主要症状为短暂的嗅觉和味觉丧失。
· 神经冠状病毒Ⅱ期:病毒引发炎症,成为细胞因子风暴,从肺部开始,通过血管传遍全身所以器官。这种细胞因子风暴导致血凝块的形成,从而导致大脑中大大小小的中风。
· 神经冠状病毒Ⅲ期:爆炸性水平的细胞因子风暴破坏血脑屏障(大脑血管中的保护绝缘层)。由此引发的结果是,血液含量、炎症标志物和病毒颗粒侵入大脑,病人会出现癫痫、神志不清、昏迷或脑病。

佛杜希指出,许多COVID-19患者最初可能没有明显的神经系统症状;但在一些病例中,患者可能在出现发热、咳嗽或呼吸短促之间就出现神经系统症状。除了在医院接受MRI检查之外,患者应该在住院后几个月内还需要接受监测。

佛杜希解释说:“我们对冠状病毒的研究表明,长期患者可能会出现抑郁、失眠、帕金森综合征、记忆丧失或大脑加速老化。对于那些正在从COVID-19中恢复的患者,我建议定期锻炼、吃有利于心脏健康的饮食、减轻压力、改善睡眠;这些都是病人恢复大脑活力和减少将来不良后果的关键方法。”

这些干预,加上有针对性的大脑训练和神经反馈疗法,是佛杜希博士为期12周的大脑健康计划的主要特点。发表在《阿尔茨海默症预防杂志》(Journal of Prevention of Alzheimer’s Disease)上的研究显示,完成这项大脑康复计划的认知障碍的老年人中,84%的人的大脑功能得到了改善,其中许多人的大脑学习和记忆部分得到了增长。这些发现与那些从持续性脑震荡后综合症中恢复的患者相似。该项目现在将为患有后COVID-19神经问题的患者量身定制。

佛杜希博士是哈佛大学和约翰·霍普金斯大学培养的神经病专家和神经系统科学家,被广泛认为是记忆、阿尔茨海默病、脑震荡治疗、多动症和在任何年龄增强大脑活力领域的权威。

原始出处:

Fotuhi, Majida, Mian, Alic, Meysami, Somayehd, et.al. Neurobiology of COVID-19. Journal of Alzheimer's Disease 29 May 2020

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    2020-06-18 amyloid